Table 1. Observations of topical application of P. galapageium leaves by different Darwin’s finch species.
| Species | Year | Method1 |
|---|---|---|
| Warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) | 2012 | Sponge |
| Warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) | 2012 | Lotion |
| Warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) | 2012 | Sponge |
| Small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) | 2012 | Lotion |
| Small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) | 2012 | Lotion |
| Medium ground finch (Geospizia fortis) | 2014 | Sponge and lotion |
| Small ground finch (Geospizia fuliginosa) | 2014 | Sponge and lotion |
| Small ground finch (Geospizia fuliginosa) | 2014 | Sponge and lotion |
| Warbler finch (Certhidea olivacea) | 2015 | Lotion |
| Small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) | 2015 | Sponge |
1Sponge method: bird threads piece of leaf through the feathers, lotion method: bird chews leave first and applies resulting mixture of saliva and mashed leaf.