Table 3.

Causative pathogens in all unmatched and matched patients with pneumonia stratified according to HIV status

	Unmatched patients			Matched patients
	HIV-positive (n = 30)	HIV-negative (n = 1078)	P	HIV-negative (n = 90)	P
Gram-positive bacteria (%)	8 (26.7)	216 (20)	0.52	18 (20.0)	0.44
Streptococcus pneumoniae (%)	4 (13.3)	71 (6.6)	0.27	5 (5.6)	0.22
Streptococcus species (%)	0	19 (1.8)	0.67	3 (3.3)	0.56
Staphylococcus aureus (%)	4 (13.3)	99 (9.2)	0.52	6 (6.7)	0.27
Other Gram-positive bacteria (%)	0	27 (2.5)	0.62	4 (4.4)	0.58
Gram-negative bacteria (%)	3 (10.0)	349 (32.4)	0.0075	36 (40.0)	0.011
Haemophilus influenzae (%)	0	70 (6.5)	0.26	9 (10)	0.11
Escherichia coli (%)	1 (3.3)	65 (6)	0.71	5 (5.6)	1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (%)	0	64 (5.9)	0.25	6 (6.7)	0.33
Klebsiella pneumoniae (%)	1 (3.3)	29 (2.7)	1	3 (3.3)	1
Enterobacter cloacae (%)	0	25 (2.3)	0.63	1 (1.1)	1
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (%)	1 (3.3)	11 (1)	0.28	1 (1.1)	0.44
Other Gram-negative bacteria (%)	0	85 (7.9)	0.18	11 (12.2)	0.06
Yeast/fungi (%)	6 (20.0)	84 (7.8)	0.036	18 (20.0)	1
Aspergillus species (%)	1 (3.3)	40 (3.7)	1	9 (10)	0.44
Pneumocystis jirovecii (%)	4 (13.3)	15 (1.4)	0.004	5 (5.6)	0.22
Other yeasts or fungi (%)	1 (3.3)	29 (2.7)	1	4 (4.4)	1
Viruses (%)	3 (10.0)	70 (6.5)	0.72	10 (11.1)	1
Influenza (%)	0	38 (3.5)	0.41	8 (8.9)	0.19
Cytomegalovirus (%)	2 (6.7)	5 (0.5)	0.019	0	0.049
Other viruses (%)	1 (3.3)	27 (2.5)	1	2 (2.2)	1
Atypical mycobacteria (%)	1 (3.3) a	1 (0.1) b	0.053	0	0.24
Unknown (%)	15 (50)	500 (46.4)	1	30 (33.3)	0.10

Results are presented as number (%). Percentages represent the proportion of pneumonia cases caused by the particular pathogen. Multiple causative pathogens were isolated in some patients with pneumonia. ^a Mycobacterium avium. ^b Mycobacterium xenopi