Table 1.
List of variables used for ICWFR construction
| Component | Variable name | Description (orientation towards ICWFR) | Time period | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family policies dimension | ||||
| Childcare services | CHHOURS_03 | Average number of hours spent in formal childcare by children below three (children with or without formal childcare are taken into regard in the denominator—[ilc_camnforg0]) (positive) | 2009 | EU-SILC data available online in Eurostat |
| CHHOURS_35 | Average number of hours spent in formal childcare by children aged three to compulsory school age (children with or without formal childcare are taken into regard in the denominator [ilc_camnforg0]) (positive) | 2009 | EU-SILC data available online in Eurostat | |
| CHHOURS_6+ | Average number of hours spent in formal childcare by children in compulsory school age (children with or without formal childcare are taken into regard in the denominator [ilc_camnforg0]) (positive) | 2009 | EU-SILC data available online in Eurostat | |
| CHQUALITY | Children-to-staff ratio in childcare institutions (positive) | 2008/2009 | OECD Family Policy Database/Plantenga and Remery (2009) | |
| CHCOST | % out-of-pocket expenses on childcare and the net income of dual-earner family with each partner earning the average salary in the national economy (negative) | 2008 | OECD Tax and Benefits Database | |
| Childcare leaves | MLEAVE | Maternity and parental leave available for mothers in the first year after birth in full-time equivalents (i.e. leave duration in the first year after birth multiplied by the income replacement rate of the respective leave benefit) (positive)a | 2009 | Multilinks supplemented with information from Moss (2009) |
| FLEAVE | Paternity and parental leave reserved for fathers in full-time equivalents (positive) | 2009 | Multilinks supplemented with information from Moss (2009) | |
| SLEAVE | Sick-child leave in full-time equivalents per parent (positive) | 2009 | Council of Europe Family Policy Database | |
| Labour market structures dimension | ||||
| Flexibility of working hours | FWSCHED | % employees with flexible work arrangements (i.e. employees who could determine their own work schedule or worked in companies with working time banking or companies with daily fixed number of working hours but flexibility as to their use during the day) among women aged 25–49 [lfso_l0fvar] (positive) | 2010 | Ad hoc module to Labour Force Survey in 2010, data available online in Euro stat |
| PART_AVAILABILITY | Part-time employment as percentage of the total employment of women aged 25–49 (%) [lfsi_emp_a] (positive) | 2009 | Labour Force Survey data available online in Euro stat | |
| PART_QUALITY | Ratio of hourly wages in part-time to full-time employment, women aged 25–49 (positive) | 2009 | Authors’ own computations based on the EU-SILC data | |
| Barriers to labour market entry | EPL | Indicator of overall employment protection legislation for regular contracts EPR_vl (negative) | 2009 | Avdagic (2012) for post-socialist countries of Europe, OECD (2013) for remaining countries |
| Gender norm dimension | ||||
| Components to be extracted at the stage of exploration and verification of the data structure | GN1 | % of people who agree or strongly agree with the statement that a working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her child as a mother who does not work [VI59] (positive) | 2008 | European Value Study |
| GN2 | % of people who disagree or strongly disagree with the statement that a preschool child is likely to suffer if his or her mother works [VI60] (positive) | 2008 | European Value Survey | |
| GN3 | % of people who disagree or strongly disagree with the statement that a job is all right, but what most women really want is a home and children [VI61] (positive) | 2008 | European Value Survey | |
| GN4 | % of people who agree or strongly agree with the statement that, in general, fathers are as well suited to look after their children as mothers [VI65] (positive) | 2008 | European Value Survey | |
| GN5 | % of people who agree or strongly agree with the statement that men should take as much responsibility as women for the home and children [VI66] (positive) | 2008 | European Value Survey | |
aThe part of the parental leave reserved for fathers is not included