Table 2. Scoping review of food fortification trials (2000–2015) having bone health outcomes involving young adults (<50 years) or predominantly younger adults (mean age <50 years).
| Reference (country study location) | Food vehicle | Nutrients added | Subjects (years) | Trial length | Bone measures | Results | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Studies comparing fortified with unfortified foods | |||||||
| Blanco-Rojo et al.42 (ESP) | Fruit juice | Iron | Iron-deficient women (mean 25 years) | 16 weeks | AKPase NTX | Not significant | Fe status improved |
| Dahl et al.41 (CAN) | Thickened fruit beverages | Inulin | Institutionalized young adults age (23–57 years) | 3 weeks | NTX | Not significant | |
| Ferrar et al.38 (GBR) | Ice cream | Calcium | Women (20–39 years) | 4 weeks | sCTX uNTX/Cr PTH P1NP | ↑ P1NP ↓ CTX | |
| Kruger et al.39 (NZL) | Milk | Calcium±vitamin K | Women (20–35 years) | 16 weeks | CTX P1NP OC | ↓ P1NP ↓ CTX | No additive effect of vitamin K to calcium |
| Tapola et al.43 (FIN) | Mineral water | Folic, B6, B12, vitamin D, calcium | Men and women (mean 48 years) | 8 weeks | AKPase | ↑ AKPase as measure of calcium bioavailability | |
| Studies where control food was not unfortified product | |||||||
| Toxqui et al.40 (ESP) | Milk | Iron±vitamin D | Iron deficiency women (18-35 y) | 16 weeks | PTH P1NP NTX | ↓ P1NP ↓ NTX (+Fe +D vs Fe alone) | Effect of iron on bone seen with correlation analysis |
Abbreviations: AKPase, alkaline phosphatase; CAN, Canada; CTX, C-terminal telopeptide (s, serum); ESP, Spain; FIN, Finland; GBR, United Kingdom; NTX, N-terminal telopeptide (u, urine); NZL, New Zealand; OC, osteocalcin; PTH, parathyroid hormone; P1NP, Procollagen Type 1 N-Terminal Propeptide.