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. 2016 Oct 11;6:34631. doi: 10.1038/srep34631

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Blue dots represent VEGF levels before IVI (group 1). Black dots represent VEGF concentrations after IVI. The horizontal red dotted line is the detection limit of paper-based ELISA, approximately 0.03 pg/mL. The horizontal black dashed line is the detection limit of conventional ELISA or Luminex, approximately 4–5 pg/mL. The earliest elevation of VEGF was found in a patient with PCV at 3 weeks after IVI (arrow). Four earlier elevations of VEGF levels were found 5 weeks after IVI injection by ultrasensitive paper-based ELISA (asterisk).