Table 1.
Characteristics of the 2456 study participants
| Characteristics | Participants | Q1(n = 614) | Q2(n = 614) | Q3(n = 614) | Q4(n = 614) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 51.4 ± 12.7 | 50.7 ± 12.8 | 51.5 ± 12.3 | 53.0 ± 12.1 | 57.4 ± 12.8 | <0.001 |
| male/ female | 914/1542 | 299/315 | 232/382 | 231/383 | 152/462 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg · m2 | ||||||
| <24 | 1049 (57.4 %) | 370(60.3 %) | 363(59.1 %) | 354(57.7 %) | 326(53.1 %) | <0.001 |
| 24–28 | 806(38.8 %) | 197(32.0 %) | 196(31.9 %) | 198(32.2 %) | 211(34.4 %) | <0.001 |
| >28 | 241 (9.8 %) | 47(7.7 %) | 55(9.0 %) | 62(10.1 %) | 77(12.5 %) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.9 ± 22.9 | 126.8 ± 22.0 | 126.9 ± 21.3 | 129.6 ± 21.7 | 136.4 ± 25.2 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.2 ± 11.9 | 77.7 ± 11.8 | 77.9 ± 11.5 | 79.7 ± 11.5 | 81.4 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure classification | ||||||
| Normotension | 1505 (61.3 %) | 424(69.1 %) | 421(68.6 %) | 374(60.9 %) | 286(46.6 %) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 951 (38.7 %) | 190(30.9 %) | 193(31.4 %) | 240(39.1 %) | 328(53.4 %) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml · min−1 · 1.73−1 · m−2 | 106.4 ± 30.2 | 107.5 ± 29.2 | 106.7 ± 31.7 | 106.4 ± 30.7 | 103.8 ± 30.7 | >0.05 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 5.23 ± 1.15 | 5.31 ± 1.13 | 5.16 ± 1.13 | 5.16 ± 0.98 | 5.27 ± 1.41 | >0.05 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.8(0.6,1.2) | 0.8(0.6,1.3) | 0.8(0.6,1.2) | 0.8(0.6,1.2) | 0.8(0.6,1.3) | >0.05 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.97 ± 0.99 | 4.97 ± 1.02 | 4.93 ± 0.96 | 4.92 ± 1.03 | 5.02 ± 1.04 | >0.05 |
| HDL- cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.22 ± 0.34 | 1.20 ± 0.32 | 1.21 ± 0.34 | 1.23 ± 0.34 | 1.22 ± 0.34 | >0.05 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.73 ± 0.86 | 2.71 ± 0.90 | 2.74 ± 0.83 | 2.70 ± 0.87 | 2.79 ± 0.91 | >0.05 |
| Sodium excretion, g | 10.95 ± 2.72 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 15.1 ± 1.9 | 22.3 ± 2.5 | 40.6 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 10.6(4.7,23.9) | 6.2(2.9,12.5) | 8.6(4.0,17.7) | 11.9(5.8,22.8) | 22.5(10.3,43.0) | <0.001 |
| CRAE, um | 133.3 ± 11.1 | 134.7 ± 10.9 | 133.4 ± 11.2 | 133.4 ± 10.9 | 131.5 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
continuous variables were reported as mean ± deviation (SD) or median (upper and lower quartile), and categorical variables as percentages (%)
Q1 group: Sodium excretion <9.04 g. Q2 group: Sodium excretion was 9.04 g-10.73 g. Q3 group: Sodium excretion was 10.74 g-12.61 g. Q4 group: Sodium excretion >12.61 g. BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol: low-density lipoprotein protein cholesterol, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR: urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, CEAE: central retinal artery diameter, 1 mmHg: 0.133 kPa