Table 2.
The association of antenatal depression with total and non-scheduled number of ANC visits
| Characteristics | Total number of ANC Visits | Number of Non-scheduled ANC visits | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRR (95 % CI) | ARR (95 % CI) | CRR (95 % CI) | ARR (95 % CI) | ||
| Antenatal Depression: | PHQ-9 ≥ 5 | 1.12 (1.02, 1.23)a | 1.23 (1.12, 1.36)b | 1.21 (1.04, 1.40)a | 1.41 (1.20, 1.65)b |
| PHQ-9 < 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Accessibility of Health facility | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09)a | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)b | 1.09 (1.04, 1.23)b | 1.06 (1.02, 1.09)b | |
| Marital Status: | Single | 1.03 (0.72, 1.47) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.42) | 1.13 (0.60, 2.15) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.82) |
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Residence: | Rural | 0.65 (0.51, 0.83)a | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 0.50 (0.40, 0.61)b | 0.65 (0.51, 0.85)b |
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Income: | High | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.26)a | 1.37 (1.11, 1.70)a | 1.29 (1.07, 1.56)a |
| Medium | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) | |
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education: | Grade 9–12 and above | 1.79 (1.28, 2.50)b | 1.16 (0.92 (1.48) | 2.06 (1.52, 2.81)b | 0.99 (0.69, 1.43) |
| Grade 1–8 | 1.27 (0.90, 1.49) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | |
| Non-literate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intimate Partner Violence | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) | |
| Social Support | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | |
| Number of Life threatening Events | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.17) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | |
| Parity | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96)b | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97)b | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94)b | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95)b | |
| Pregnancy Intention: | Unwanted | 0.75 (0.65, 0.88)b | 0.84 (0.75, 0.93)b | 0.75 (0.61, 0.91)a | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) |
| Mistimed | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.15) | |
| Wanted | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Adverse Perinatal outcomes: ≥1c | 0.90 (0.77, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.97)a | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | |
| ANC visit in past pregnancy: ≥1c | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.19 (1.08, 1.31)b | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.51)a | |
| Chronic Medical conditions: ≥1c | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.28) | |
aStatistically significant at < 0.05
bStatistically significant at < 0.001
cReference group was “none”