Table 4.
The association of antenatal depression and Number of traditional, modern and total number of emergency health care provider visits during pregnancy
| Characteristics | Number of Traditional health care provider visits | Number of Modern health care provider visits | Number of either of both health care provider visits | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cRR (95 % CI) | aRR (95 % CI) | cOR (95 % CI) | aRR (95 % CI) | cOR (95 % CI) | aRR (95 % CI) | ||
| PHQ 9 Score: | PHQ ≥ 5 | 2.15 (1.70, 2.71)b | 1.64 (1.17, 2.31)a | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62)a | 1.32 (1.04, 1.69)a | 1.63 (1.33, 1.99)b | 1.44 (1.16, 1.80)a |
| PHQ < 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Access to Healthcare | 0.94 (0.89, 0.98)a | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.17)b | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17)b | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13)a | |
| Marital Status: | Single | 0.19 (0.03, 1.37) | 0.13 (0.01, 1.26) | 1.17 (0.50, 2.74) | 1.33 (0.56, 3.17) | 0.75 (0.32, 1.72) | 0.84 (0.35, 1.97) |
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Residence: | Rural | 1.47 (0.86, 2.51) | 3.87 (1.54, 9.74)a | 060 (0.40, 0.92)a | 0.79 (0.46, 1.34) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 1.17 (0.70, 1.95) |
| Rural | 1 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 | |
| Income: | High | 4.44 (3.33, 5.93a | 4.40 (2.89, 6.69)b | 1.52 (1.15, 1.99)a | 1.34 (1.00, 1.79)a | 2.20 (1.72, 2.82) | 1.93 (1.48, 2.51)b |
| Medium | 1.35 (0.95, 1.91) | 1.97 (1.26, 3.08)a | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.43) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.5) | |
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Education: | Secondary Schooling | 0.98 (0.52, 1.84) | 0.81 (0.25, 2.66) | 1.50 (0.83 2.71) | 0.96 (0.45, 2.06) | 1.27 (0.73, 2.20) | 0.92 (0.45, 1.88) |
| Elementary Schooling | 0.92 (0.72, 1.78) | 1.07 (0.68, 1.7) | 0.85 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.20) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.28) | |
| Non-literate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Intimate Partner Violence | 1.13 (1.10, 1.16)b | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21)b | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.11)b | 1.05 (1.02, 1.09)a | |
| Social Support | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | |
| Number of Life Threatening Events | 1.30 (1.25, 1.350)b | 1.27 (1.16, 1.39)b | 1.10 (1.02, 1.17)a | 1.07 (1.00, 1.16) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23)b | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18)a | |
| Parity | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23)b | 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.13) b | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | |
| Pregnancy Intention: | Unwanted | 1.94 (1.53, 2.451)b | 1.26 (0.86, 1.85) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.23) | 1.17 (0.95, 1.44) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) |
| Mistimed | 1.18 (0.76, 1.84) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.34) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.47) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.51) | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.32) | |
| Wanted | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Past Adverse obstetric history: Yesc | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92)a | 0.53 (0.36, 0.80)a | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | |
| Chronic Medical conditions: Yesc | 3.51 (2.73, 4.51)b | 2.86 (2.03, 4.03)b | 1.58 (1.26, 1.98)a | 1.46 (1.15, 1.84)b | 2.14 (1.75, 2.63)b | 1.84 (1.49, 2.28)b | |
aStatistically significant at < 0.05
bStatistically significant at < 0.001
cReference was “none”