Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| Characteristic | Heart failure (n = 102) | Non‐heart failure(n = 141) |
|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 56 (55%) | 84 (60%) |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.4 (8.6) | 61.9 (11.1) |
| White, n (%) | 102 (100%) | 137 (97%) |
| eGFR (mL/min./1.73 m2), n (%) | ||
| 60 to ≤90, Stage 2 | 9 (9%) | 13 (9%) |
| 45 to <60, Stage 3A | 20 (20%) | 29 (21%) |
| 30 to <45, Stage 3B | 28 (27%) | 35 (25%) |
| <30, Stage 4/5 | 45 (44%) | 64 (45%) |
| Serum K+ (mEq/L), mean (SD) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.4) |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 55 (54%) | 84 (60%) |
| Time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (years), mean (SD) | 12.0 (9.9) | 14.0 (8.9) |
| NYHA HF class, n (%) | ||
| I | 19 (19%) | NA |
| II | 66 (65%) | NA |
| III | 17 (17%) | NA |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 33 (32%) | 27 (19%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 97 (95%) | 139 (99%) |
| RAASi medication, n (%) | 102 (100%) | 141 (100%) |
| ACE inhibitor | 70 (69%) | 100 (71%) |
| ARB | 37 (36%) | 55 (39%) |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 20 (20%) | 2 (1%) |
| Renin inhibitor | 2 (2%) | 0 |
| Dual RAASi blockade,* n (%) | 25 (25%) | 16 (11%) |
| On maximal RAASi dose,† n (%) | 42 (41%) | 64 (45%) |
| Other concomitant medication for HF | ||
| Beta blocker | 60 (59%) | 68 (48%) |
| Thiazide | 27 (26%) | 43 (30%) |
| Loop | 44 (43%) | 33 (23%) |
Data are number of patients and per cent.
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Associations; RAASi, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor.
*
Any combination of two or more of the following: ACE inhibitor, ARB, aldosterone antagonist, renin inhibitor.
†
As judged by the investigator in accordance with local standards of care.