Table 5.
Self-reported health outcomes experienced in the last two weeks before the interview among the participants enrolled in a cross-sectional survey stratified by five exposure groups in the Than Tri district, Hanoi, between April and June 2014
| Self-reported health issues over the past 2 weeks/ Exposure groupa | Com peri-urban | Com urban | Farmer peri-urban | Farmer urban | Worker HSDC | Chi-square test | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 101 | N = 170 | N = 129 | N = 153 | N = 128 | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P-value | |
| Diarrhoea | |||||||||||
| 14-day prevalence | 12 | 11.9 | 16 | 9.4 | 5 | 3.9 | 16 | 10.5 | 10 | 7.8 | 0.205 |
| 7-day prevalence | 10 | 9.9 | 11 | 6.5 | 4 | 3.1 | 12 | 7.8 | 7 | 5.5 | 0.279 |
| Number of episodes (14 days) | |||||||||||
| 1 | 9 | 8.9 | 12 | 7.1 | 5 | 3.9 | 12 | 7.8 | 6 | 4.7 | 0.411 |
| 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | 3 | 2.3 | |
| 3 | 2 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.8 | |
| 4 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Eye problems (one or more symptoms) | 21 | 20.8 | 50 | 29.4 | 28 | 21.7 | 58 | 37.9 | 43 | 33.6 | 0.008 |
| Eye irritation | 8 | 7.9 | 6 | 3.5 | 10 | 7.7 | 23 | 15.0 | 32 | 25.0 | < 0.001 |
| Sensitivity to light | 2 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 3.3 | 3 | 2.3 | 0.172 |
| Other eye problems | 11 | 10.9 | 45 | 26.4 | 18 | 14.0 | 41 | 26.8 | 13 | 10.2 | 0.352 |
| Skin problems (one or more symptoms) | 23 | 22.8 | 32 | 18.8 | 35 | 27.1 | 18 | 11.8 | 29 | 22.7 | 0.024 |
| Skin irritation | 3 | 3.0 | 5 | 2.9 | 6 | 4.7 | 2 | 1.3 | 13 | 10.2 | 0.004 |
| Itching | 21 | 20.8 | 22 | 12.9 | 29 | 22.5 | 10 | 6.5 | 18 | 14.1 | 0.001 |
| Other skin problems | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 5.9 | 3 | 2.3 | 10 | 6.5 | 5 | 4.7 | 0.402 |
| Other self-reported signs and symptoms | |||||||||||
| Headache | 38 | 37.6 | 69 | 40.6 | 68 | 52.7 | 84 | 54.9 | 50 | 39.1 | 0.006 |
| Fever | 7 | 6.9 | 8 | 4.7 | 9 | 7.0 | 10 | 6.5 | 4 | 3.1 | 0.591 |
| Abdominal pain | 27 | 26.7 | 40 | 23.5 | 39 | 30.2 | 42 | 27.5 | 26 | 20.3 | 0.398 |
| Acute coughing | 25 | 24.8 | 46 | 27.1 | 39 | 30.2 | 44 | 28.8 | 40 | 31.3 | 0.822 |
| Chronic coughing | 5 | 5.0 | 15 | 8.8 | 1 | 0.8 | 14 | 9.2 | 2 | 1.6 | 0.002 |
| Chest pain | 13 | 12.9 | 30 | 17.6 | 23 | 17.8 | 30 | 19.6 | 18 | 14.1 | 0.582 |
| Loss of weight | 14 | 13.9 | 16 | 9.4 | 14 | 10.9 | 17 | 11.1 | 5 | 3.9 | 0.113 |
| Nausea | 12 | 11.9 | 16 | 9.4 | 7 | 5.4 | 15 | 9.8 | 5 | 3.9 | 0.125 |
| Vomiting | 2 | 2.0 | 3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.6 | 3 | 2.0 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.941 |
| Vomiting of blood | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.485 |
| Muscle pain | 19 | 18.8 | 43 | 25.3 | 32 | 24.8 | 52 | 34.0 | 33 | 25.8 | 0.097 |
| Back pain | 48 | 47.5 | 80 | 47.1 | 77 | 59.7 | 102 | 66.7 | 45 | 35.2 | < 0.001 |
| Joint pain | 30 | 29.7 | 74 | 43.5 | 68 | 52.7 | 91 | 59.5 | 29 | 22.7 | < 0.001 |
| Injuries | 3 | 3.0 | 8 | 4.7 | 5 | 3.9 | 8 | 5.2 | 5 | 3.9 | 0.922 |
aExposure groups: Com peri-urban: people living in the peri-urban commune Duyen Ha, 5 km away from the city along the Red River; Com urban: people living in the urban area of Hanoi, in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune along the To Lich River and potential exposed to wastewater; Farmer peri-urban: peri-urban farmers living in Duyen Ha commune using the irrigation water from Red River, wells or local drains, which are not contaminated with the city’s wastewater; Farmer urban: urban farmers living in Bang B village or Tam Hiep commune reusing wastewater from To Lich River; and Worker HSDC: workers from Hanoi Sewerage and Drainage Company (HSDC) maintaining drainage channels and operating the Yen So treatment plants