Table 2.
Hazard Ratio and 95 % Confidence Intervals of Lung Cancer According to ICS and Pulmonary Infection Combinations in Patients with COPD
| All patients with COPD | ||
|---|---|---|
| HR (95 % CI) | P-value | |
| Pulmonary infection combinations | ||
| None | Reference | |
| Only ICS | 0.88 (0.67–1.14) | 0.314 |
| Only pneumonia | 0.95 (0.62–1.46) | 0.818 |
| Only TB | 1.42 (0.89–2.26) | 0.145 |
| TB+pneumonia | 1.68 (0.78–3.65) | 0.187 |
| Post-ICS pneumonia | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) | 0.554 |
| Post-ICS TB | 2.42 (1.28–4.58) | 0.007 |
| Post-ICS TB+pneumonia | 2.37 (1.01–5.54) | 0.046 |
| Medications | ||
| OCS | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) | 0.442 |
| LABA | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 0.177 |
| SABA | 1.32 (1.07–1.64) | 0.010 |
| Theophylline | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 0.052 |
| Statins | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 0.704 |
| Aspirin | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.173 |
| Sex | ||
| Men | 2.76 (2.20–3.48) | <0.001 |
| Women | Reference | |
| Age group | ||
| 20–39 | - | - |
| 40–59 | Reference | |
| 60–79 | 4.69 (3.28–6.69) | <0.001 |
| ≧80 | 6.47 (4.42–9.48) | <0.001 |
| Urbanization | ||
| High | Reference | |
| Mid | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.575 |
| Low | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 0.799 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.35 (0.94–1.93) | 0.102 |
| Diabetes | 0.99 (0.82–1.21) | 0.967 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.08 (0.85–1.36) | 0.544 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 0.84 (0.43–1.62) | 0.599 |
| Smoking-related cancers | 1.57 (0.91–2.73) | 0.107 |
| Autoimmune disease | 1.57 (1.07–2.32) | 0.022 |
| Atopy dermatitis | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 0.208 |
| Rhinosinusitis | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.263 |
| No. of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases within 2 years after index datea | ||
| ≤15 | Reference | |
| >15 | 1.27 (1.03–1.56) | 0.025 |
| No. of inpatient visits for respiratory diseases within 2 years after index datea | ||
| 0 | Reference | |
| ≥1 | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 0.582 |
Reference was defined as the reference group
CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR hazard ratio, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, LABA long-acting inhaled beta-agonist, OCS oral corticosteroid, SABA short-acting beta-agonist, TB pulmonary tuberculosis
aIndex date was defined as the date of initiation of ICS