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. 2016 Oct;42(4):313–324. doi: 10.1037/xan0000116

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© 2016 The Author(s)

This article has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s). Author(s) grant(s) the American Psychological Association the exclusive right to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.

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Experiment 1. Mean (±SEM) lever press responses per trial, across two-session blocks. The left-hand panels show left lever presses for groups that had been classified on the basis of their sign- versus goal-tracking bias on the left lever (upper panel) or right lever (lower panel). Similarly, the right-hand panels shows right lever presses for groups that had been classified on the basis of their sign- versus goal-tracking bias on the right lever (lower panel) or left lever (upper panel). The classifications were made independently on the biases to sign- or goal-track for the left lever (upper panels) and right lever (lower panels) that were paired separately with different reinforcers (food pellets and sucrose) in a counterbalanced manner.