Figure 6. Oxidative stress modulates autophagic flux and lysosomal permeabilization.

(A) GSC11 cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells per well in a 6-well plate. Cells were incubated the next day with SLM and/or NAC at the indicated doses; samples were collected 48 hours later, and protein expression levels were analyzed by western blot using antibodies against p62, LC3-II conversion, active cathepsin B, and Lamp1. α-tubulin was used as loading control. The western blot shown is a representative of three independent experiments. (B) GSC11 cells were incubated with SLM, NAC, or both at the indicated concentrations. After 48 hours of drug administration, cathepsin B (green) and Lamp1 (red) localization were assessed with immunofluorescence. Representative fluorescent images for three independent experiments are shown; DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining.