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Subject collection flowchart. Using Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID), this study identified diabetes patients diagnosed before December 31, 2003. The intervention group was 2090 individuals who had been newly enrolled into the P4P program in 2004. Utilizing 35 covariates, propensity score matching method was used to perform one-to-one matching between the P4P group and the non-P4P group.
