Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population by glucose metabolism status
| NGM (n = 1246) | IGM (n = 359) | T2DM (n = 400) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.5 (6.1) | 63.0 (5.9) | 63.4 (6.3) | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 708 (56.8) | 158 (44.0) | 128 (32.0) | <0.001 |
| Level of education | ||||
| - Low | 344 (27.6) | 131 (36.5) | 165 (41.3) | <0.001 |
| - Medium | 324 (26.0) | 92 (25.6) | 124 (31.0) | |
| - High | 578 (46.4) | 136 (37.9) | 111 (27.8) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (3.6) | 27.9 (4.2) | 29.7 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported MVPA (hours/week) | 6.2 (4.5) | 5.2 (4.2) | 4.4 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| History of CVD | 154 (12.4) | 50 (13.9) | 120 (30.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| - Never | 471 (37.8) | 103 (28.7) | 109 (27.3) | <0.001 |
| - Former | 645 (51.8) | 219 (61.0) | 241 (60.3) | |
| - Current | 130 (10.4) | 37 (10.3) | 50 (12.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption category | ||||
| - None | 142 (11.4) | 52 (14.5) | 114 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| - Low | 715 (57.4) | 194 (54.0) | 217 (54.3) | |
| - High | 389 (31.2) | 113 (31.5) | 69 (17.3) | |
| Medication use | ||||
| - Antidiabetic drugs | – | – | 371 (92.8) | – |
| - Insulin | – | – | 104 (26.0) | – |
| - Blood pressure lowering drugs | 303 (24.3) | 168 (46.8) | 296 (74.0) | <0.001 |
| - Lipid-modifying drugs | 237 (19.0) | 135 (37.6) | 315 (78.8) | <0.001 |
| - Sleep medication | 27 (2.2) | 11 (3.1) | 9 (2.3) | 0.61 |
| Depression | 21 (1.7) | 9 (2.5) | 20 (5.0) | 0.001 |
| MMSE score | 29.2 (1.1) | 28.9 (1.2) | 28.7 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (0.3) | 5.7 (0.4) | 7.0 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.4 (3.7) | 39.0 (4.4) | 53.4 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes in years, mean (IQR) | – | – | 7.0 (9.0) | – |
| Fall in the past 6 months | 204 (16.4) | 72 (20.1) | 66 (16.5) | 0.25 |
| Number of falls in the past 6 months | ||||
| - 0 | 1042 (83.6) | 287 (79.9) | 334 (83.5) | 0.44 |
| - 1 | 134 (10.8) | 51 (14.2) | 42 (10.5) | |
| - ≥2 | 70 (5.6) | 21 (5.8) | 24 (6.0) | |
| Fracture ≥50 years of age | 119 (10.3) | 40 (12.3) | 19 (5.4) | 0.006 |
Continues variables are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated, categorical variables as number of participants (%)
BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease, IGM impaired glucose metabolism, IQR Interquartile range MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, NGM normal glucose metabolism, SD standard deviation, T2DM type 2 diabetes