Table 4.
Assessment of study quality
| Study | Model | Generalizability of Population | Nonbiased Selection | Readmission Adequately Ascertained | Level of Evidence for Model Validation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capelastegui et al., 2009 (11) | Pneumonia related | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | No validation performed |
| Pneumonia unrelated | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | No validation performed | |
| Hebert et al., 2014 (17) | EMR model | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | Narrow validation (split cohort, historical cohort) |
| Lindenauer et al., 2011 (12) | CMS Pneumonia Administrative Model | Yes (national Medicare data) | Yes | Yes | Broad validation (split cohort, historical cohort, and separate cohort) |
| CMS Pneumonia Medical Record Model | Yes (national Medicare data) | Yes | Yes | No validation performed | |
| Mather et al., 2014 (13) | All cause | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | Narrow validation (bootstrapping) |
| Pneumonia related | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | Narrow validation (bootstrapping) | |
| Pneumonia unrelated | No (single center) | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | Narrow validation (bootstrapping) | |
| Modified CMS Pneumonia Medical Record Model | No | Yes | Partly, only index hospital | Narrow validation (bootstrapping) | |
| Nagasako et al., 2014 (14) | SES-enriched CMS Pneumonia Administrative Model | Partial (Medicare data in Missouri) | Yes | Yes | Narrow validation (bootstrapping using same cohort) |
| CMS Pneumonia Administrative Model | Partial (Medicare data in Missouri) | Yes | Yes | Narrow validation (bootstrapping) | |
| O’Brien et al., 2015 (15) | CMS Pneumonia Administrative Model | Yes (national VA data) | Yes | Yes | Broad validation (separate cohort) |
| Tang et al., 2014 (16) | VA predictor model | Yes (national VA data) | Yes | Yes | Narrow validation (split sample) |
Definition of abbreviations: EMR = electronic medical record; CMS = Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; SES = socioeconomic; VA = Veterans Affairs.