Table 2.
Adjusted and unadjusted odds of greater adherence to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) maintenance medications among Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with COPD between 2006 and 2010 and receiving at least two fills of COPD maintenance medication over 24 months of follow-up
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
|---|---|
|
Unadjusted Results | |
| New episode depression | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) |
|
Adjusted Results | |
| New episode depression | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) |
| Time, mo | 0.97 (0.97–0.97) |
| COPD index year | |
| 2006 | Reference |
| 2007 | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) |
| 2008 | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) |
| 2009 | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) |
| 2010 | 1.30 (1.23–1.37) |
| Age, yr | 1.00 (1.00– 1.00) |
| Sex | |
| Male | Reference |
| Female | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White | Reference |
| Black | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) |
| Hispanic | 0.68 (0.62–0.76) |
| Other | 0.88 (0.91–0.96) |
| Region | |
| Midwest | Reference |
| Northeast | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) |
| South | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) |
| West | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) |
| Percentage of census tract without a high school diploma | |
| <11% | Reference |
| 11–18% | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) |
| >18% | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) |
| Original reason for Medicare entitlement | |
| Age | Reference |
| Disability | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) |
| ESRD* | 0.63 (0.53–0.74) |
| Comorbid medical conditions | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) |
| Asthma | 1.35 (1.30–1.40) |
| History of depression | 0.81 (0.78–0.85) |
| Diabetes | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis | 0.76 (0.74–0.79) |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 0.84 (0.79–0.88) |
| Comorbid conditions† | |
| <2 | Reference |
| 2 or 3 | 0.77 (0.74–0.81) |
| >3 | 0.68 (0.64–0.73) |
| Acute inhaler use | 2.08 (2.02–2.15 |
| COPD severity variables | |
| Oxygen use in month of diagnosis | 1.43 (1.36–1.51) |
| ≥1 COPD-related ED visit | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) |
| ≥1 COPD-related hospitalization | 1.33 (1.23–1.44) |
| ≥1 Preventive health measures | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
| Nursing home residence | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) |
| Polypharmacy (per medication) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) |
| Low-income subsidy | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) |
Definition of abbreviation: ED = emergency department; ESRD = end-stage renal disease.
Study population: n = 31,033.
*
End-stage renal disease ± disability.
†
Includes Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, osteoarthritis, stroke, and asthma.