Figure 2.
The possible signaling cascades of NOB in cells. NOB may upregulate the activities of NMDA receptor and ERK and enhance CREB transcriptional activity. NOB may restore the activity of DARPP-32 through modulation of PKA signaling pathway. Ca2+/CaMKII signaling is also enhanced by NOB, leading to upregulation of CREB transcription. In addition, NOB increases the activities of PI3K/Akt and BDNF/TrkB signaling but upregulates the expression of PPARγ. However, it depends on different cell lines. Insulin sensitization has been elevated by NOB through Nrf2 signaling pathway.