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. 2016 Sep 28;2016:4847812. doi: 10.1155/2016/4847812

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Metformin inhibited AGEs-induced inflammatory response in BMDMs. BMDMs were divided into 5 groups: control, AGEs, AGEs + MET 0.25 (metformin 0.25 μM), AGEs + MET 1.0 (metformin 1.0 μM), and AGEs + MET 2.0 (metformin 2.0 μM). Cells in the last 3 groups were pretreated with different concentrations of metformin (0.25, 1.0, and 2.0 μM) for 60 min, respectively, and then, together with AGEs group, the 4 groups were stimulated with AGEs (200 mg/L) for 24 h. The control group was treated with BSA (200 mg/L) for the same amount of time. RNA then was extracted, and mRNA levels of IL-1β (a), IL-6 (b), TNF-α (c), and IL-10 (d) were measured by real-time PCR. Bar graphs represent the results (mean ± SD) of three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA was applied and all the overall ANOVA was significant. # p > 0.05; ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 when compared between selected groups.