Table 3. Meta-analysis of Association of Refractive Errors with Exotropia and Esotropia.

Type of exposure	No of Studies	Sample size	Overall effect			Heterogeneity		Egger’s	Reference
			OR (95%CI)	z score	P Value	I2,%	Q (P)
Association with exotropia
Myopia	3	14804	5.23 (2.26–12.09)	3.87	0.0001	69%	0.04	0.571	11,12,18
Hyperopia	3	15776	3.05 (0.34–27.22)	1	0.32	97%	<0.0001	0.682	11,12,18
Astigmatism	3	16490	3.2 (2.29–4.48)	6.79	<0.0001	0%	0.39	0.720	11,12,18
Anisometropia	4	18192	6.56 (3.19–13.49)	5.11	<0.0001	72%	0.01	0.951	11,12,17,18
Association with esotropia
Myopia	3	14528	2.07 (0.87–4.93)	1.64	0.1	43%	0.17	0.454	11,12,18
Hyperopia	3	15571	22.95 (9.68–54.41)	7.11	<0.0001	81%	0.005	0.483	11,12,18
Astigmatism	3	16259	2.95 (2.03–4.29)	5.66	<0.0001	3%	0.36	0.344	11,12,18
Anisometropia	4	17961	11.29 (4.22–30.23)	4.82	<0.0001	83%	0.0006	0.585	11,12,17,18