Figure 1. Effects of actein on cell proliferation, migration and motility of HMEC-1 cells.

(A) Chemical structure of actein. (B) Cells were treated with different concentrations of actein for 48 hours, then cytotoxicity and cell proliferation was determined by MTT, trypan blue and [methyl-³H] thymidine incorporation assays, respectively. Results are expressed as the mean % ratio of optical density or count per minute in treated and vehicle-treated control wells (mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments with 5 wells each). (C) Representative photomicrographs showing the migrated and stained HMEC-1 cells on the lower side of membranes in the presence or absence of actein. Quantification of cell migration in modified Boyden chambers was shown. Results are expressed in number of cells per field (mean + SD of 4 independent experiments). (D) Representative photomicrographs showing the cells migrated across the scratch wound in the presence or absence of actein after 16 hours of incubation. Quantification of wound-induced cell motility in HMEC-1 was shown. Results are expressed as the mean open wound area (mean + SD of 3 independent experiments). Differences among the treated and vehicle-treated control groups were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to control group.