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. 2016 Oct 7;7:13026. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13026

Figure 6. Model of the CYP98A8/CYP98A9 evolution in Brassicaceae.

Figure 6

(a) Initial steps of the CYP98A8/9 evolution shared by lineages I, II and III. The initial CYP98A3 retroposition event in Brassicales (100-70 Ma) led to the CYP98A8/9 ancestral gene, which became a phenolamide 3′-hydroxylase. The retroposition was followed by a tandem gene duplication in Brassicaceae around 45 Ma leading to the CYP98A8 and CYP98A9 sister genes. CYP98A8 then acquired an additional function, the phenolamide 5′-hydrolase activity. (b) Further evolution of CYP98A8 and CYP98A9 in the lineage I of the Brassicaceae, CYP98A8 lost the phenolamide 3′-hydroxylase activity in vivo, and maintained only the 5′-hydroxylase activity. Meanwhile, CYP98A9 maintained the 3′-hydroxylase activity, and simultaneously gained naringenin 3′-hydroxylase activity. (c) Further evolution of CYP98A8 and CYP98A9 in the lineages II and III of the Brassicaceae, in lineages II and III, the CYP98A9 copy was lost, and CYP98A8 maintained both 3′- and 5′-hydroxylase activities.