Figure 4.

AtMMS21 Affects the Translocation of E2Fa/DPa.

(A) Subcellular distribution of GFP-fused DPa proteins in protoplasts. Plasmids carrying 35S:DPa-GFP alone, or both 35S:DPa-GFP and 35S:AtMMS21, were transfected into wild-type protoplasts with or without CFP-E2Fa. When coexpressed with CFP-E2Fa, only the protoplasts with both CFP and GFP signals were used for analysis. Representative GFP signals from the majority of protoplasts from DPa-GFP alone, a combination of DPa-GFP and CFP-E2Fa, and a combination of DPa-GFP, AtMMS21, and CFP-E2Fa are shown. The autofluorescence from chloroplasts and bright-field (BF) signals were also detected and merged. Statistical data from means ± sd from three independent biological replicates (n > 100) are shown in the right panel. Bar = 10 µm.

(B) Subcellular distribution of YFP-fused E2Fa in protoplasts. YFP-E2Fa was transiently expressed in protoplasts from wild-type and transgenic plants carrying 35S:DPa alone or both 35S:DPa and 35S:AtMMS21. Representative YFP signals from the majority of the indicated protoplasts are shown. Statistical data from means ± sd from three independent biological replicates (n > 100) are shown in the right panel. ***P < 0.001, Student’s t test. Bar = 10 µm.