Table 3.
Correlates of poora self-rated health among Indian Americans in the United States (n = 1,824)
| No. poor self-rated healtha/No. in category (n b = 128/892) | Bivariatec OR (95 % CI) | Adjustedd OR (95 % CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived discriminationa | ||||||
| No | 109/714 | 12.8 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 19/50 | 25.1 % | 2.29*** | (1.48–3.54) | 1.93* | (1.17–3.19) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 81/500 | 13.2 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 47/264 | 14.5 % | 1.12 | (0.84–1.49) | 1.02 | (0.73–1.42) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 | 21/176 | 11.8 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| 35–44 | 35/215 | 11.9 % | 1.01 | (0.65–1.57) | 0.71 | (0.43–1.18) |
| 45–54 | 34/163 | 17.2 % | 1.56+ | (1.00–2.43) | 0.84 | (0.47–1.49) |
| ≥ 55 | 38/210 | 14.0 % | 1.22 | (0.80–1.87) | 0.48* | (0.26–0.89) |
| Annual household income | ||||||
| < $25,000 | 21/60 | 20.9 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| $25,000–$74,999 | 28/224 | 11.9 % | 0.51* | (0.31–0.85) | 0.56* | (0.32–1.00) |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 27/178 | 12.7 % | 0.55* | (0.33–0.93) | 0.74 | (0.37–1.47) |
| ≥ $100,000+ | 52/302 | 13.2 % | 0.58* | (0.37–0.90) | 0.74 | (0.38–1.43) |
| Education | ||||||
| ≤ High school graduate | 16/41 | 18.9 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| College graduate | 72/402 | 13.8 % | 0.69 | (0.43–1.09) | 0.93 | (0.52–1.67) |
| > College | 40/321 | 12.2 % | 0.60* | (0.37–0.95) | 0.84 | (0.45–1.57) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 27/76 | 14.1 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Formerly Married | 101/688 | 12.3 % | 0.84 | (0.36–1.93) | 0.65 | (0.26–1.59) |
| Never Married | 8.0 % | 0.52 | (0.25–1.13) | 0.59 | (0.25–1.38) | |
| Have health insurance | 121/691 | |||||
| No | 3/28 | 20.8 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 4/45 | 12.5 % | 0.54** | (0.37–0.80) | 0.56* | (0.35–0.92) |
| Body mass indexe | ||||||
| Underweight/normal | 56/446 | 11.0 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Overweight | 54/275 | 14.6 % | 1.39* | (1.01–1.90) | 1.23 | (0.88–1.71) |
| Obese | 18/43 | 28.0 % | 3.14*** | (2.03–4.88) | 2.13** | (1.32–3.42) |
| Current tobacco user | ||||||
| No | 114/721 | 13.1 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Yes | 14/43 | 22.7 % | 1.95** | (1.23–3.10) | 1.80* | (1.09–2.98) |
| Years lived in U.S. | ||||||
| < 10 years | 32/253 | 11.9 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≥ 10 years | 96/511 | 14.6 % | 1.27 | (0.93–1.72) | 1.35 | (0.86–2.12) |
| English proficiency | ||||||
| Very/Pretty well | 213/1,635 | 13.0 % | Reference | Reference | ||
| Not too well/Not at all | 37/189 | 19.4 % | 0.62* | (0.41–0.96) | 0.93 | (0.48–1.80) |
| Chronic illness | Mean | SD | ||||
| Received poor treatment | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.44*** | (1.30–1.60) | 1.46*** | (1.28–1.66) |
Abbreviations: No. denotes number, OR denotes odds ratios, CI denotes confidence interval, SD denotes standard deviation
Notes: aIncludes poor/fair responses. bN was calculated based on the estimated proportion. cBivariate ORs reflect the association between Fair/Poor vs. good/very good/excellent and each of the covariates separately. dAdjusted ORs reflect the association between Fair/Poor vs. good/very good/excellent, adjusting for all of the other variables. eUnderweight/normal (<24.9 kg/m2); Overweight (25.00–29.9 kg//m2) Obese (≥30 kg/m2). P-values: + p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001