Table 5.
Parameter reference range established from healthy controls
| Visually guided reach | Failure | Normative distribution of reference range: % | Reference range: R | Reference range: L |
| Posture speed (m/s) | 1-sided: faster is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.00074–0.00562 | 0.00105–0.00625 |
| Reaction time (s) | 1-sided: slower is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.207–0.332 | 0.214–0.330 |
| Initial direction error (rad) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0197–0.0887 | 0.01972–0.0792 |
| Initial distance ratio | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.6771–1 | 0.8258–1 |
| Initial speed ratio | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.9044–1 | 0.9182–1 |
| Speed maxima count | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 1.5526–3.2000 | 1.525–2.974 |
| Minimum maximum speed difference (m/s) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.00503–0.0330 | 0.00531–0.03428 |
| Movement time (s) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.7665–1.388 | 0.694–1.297 |
| Path length ratio | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 1.0422–1.2892 | 1.0511–1.3345 |
| Max speed (m/s) | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.16405–0.52206 | 0.1856–0.6092 |
| Arm position matching | Failure | Normative distribution of reference range: % | Reference range: R | Reference range: L |
| Variability X (m) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0139–0.0861 | 0.0163–0.1017 |
| Variability Y (m) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0058–0.0287 | 0.0075–0.0331 |
| Variability XY (m) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0178–0.08892 | 0.0189–0.1060 |
| Contraction/expansion ratio X | 2-sided: under or over shoot | 2.5–97.5 | 0.2313–1.300 | 0.1979–1.3720 |
| Contraction/expansion ratio Y | 2-sided: under or over shoot | 2.5–97.5 | 0.7658–1.1623 | 0.8136–1.1636 |
| Contraction/expansion ratio XY | 2-sided: under or over shoot | 2.5–97.5 | 0.2489–1.4161 | 0.1601–1.4422 |
| Shift X (m) | 2-sided: smaller or larger | 2.5–97.5 | −0.1200–0.0596 | −0.123–0.052 |
| Shift Y (m) | 2-sided: smaller or larger | 2.5–97.5 | −0.0377–0.02391 | −0.03992–0.01962 |
| Shift XY (m) | 2-sided: smaller or larger | 5–100 | 0.00866–0.29611 | 0.01205–0.2531 |
| Absolute Error X | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0135–0.1655 | 0.0187–0.1659 |
| Absolute Error Y | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.0061–0.0372 | 0.0076–0.0399 |
| Absolute Error XY | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.02033–0.16927 | 0.0259–0.1698 |
| Object hit | Failure | Normative distribution of reference range: % | Reference range: | NA |
| Total hits | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 120–216 | NA |
| Hits with left | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 50–116 | NA |
| Hit with right | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 62–118 | NA |
| Hand bias hits | 2-sided: negL vs posR | 2.5–97.5 | −0.1579–0.2814 | NA |
| Miss bias | 2-sided: L vs R side of workspace | 2.5–97.5 | −0.0556–0.0665 | NA |
| Hand transition | 2-sided: L vs R side of workspace | 2.5–97.5 | −0.0764–0.0504 | NA |
| Hand selection overlap | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0779–0.3009 | NA |
| Median error | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 50–63 | NA |
| Hand speed L (m/s) | 1-sided: slower is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.2073–0.5849 | NA |
| Hand speed R (m/s) | 1-sided: slower is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.2330–0.5848 | NA |
| Hand speed bias | 2-sided: L vs R | 2.5–97.5 | −0.1545–0.2024 | NA |
| Movement area L (m^2) | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0871–0.2021 | NA |
| Movement area R (m^2) | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0951–0.2155 | NA |
| Movement area bias | 2-sided: L vs R | 2.5–97.5 | −0.1163–0.3828 | NA |
| Object hit & avoid | Failure | Normative distribution of reference range: % | Reference range: | NA |
| Total hits | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 77–159 | NA |
| Hits with left | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 31–74 | NA |
| Hit with right | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 39–88 | NA |
| Miss bias | 2-sided: L vs R side of workspace | 2.5–97.5 | −0.0667–0.0664 | NA |
| Hand transition | 2-sided: L vs R side of workspace | 2.5–97.5 | −0.0923–0.0528 | NA |
| Hand selection overlap | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0430–0.2344 | NA |
| Median error | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 43–67 | NA |
| Hand speed L (m/s) | 1-sided: slower is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.1469–0.4088 | NA |
| Hand speed R (m/s) | 1-sided: slower is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.1506–0.4443 | NA |
| Movement area L (m^2) | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0797–0.1933 | NA |
| Movement area R (m^2) | 1-sided: smaller is abnormal | 5–100 | 0.0866–0.2112 | NA |
| Distractor hits L | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0–16 | NA |
| Distractor hits R | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0–16 | NA |
| Distractor hits total | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0–31 | NA |
| Trail Making B | Failure | Normative distribution of reference range: % | Reference range: | NA |
| Total time (s) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 24–92 | NA |
| Dwell time (s) | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 9–49 | NA |
| Time ratio | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0.3551–1.7837 | NA |
| Error count | 1-sided: larger is abnormal | 0–95 | 0–6 | NA |
Summary of the healthy control reference range for parameters from the five KINARM robot tasks; includes identification of failure related to performance (NA not applicable)