Table 7.
Parameter reference range versus terciles based on time since last concussion
| Visually guided reach | Reference range: R | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2: 11–33 months | Tercile 3: 33–111 months | Reference range: L | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2: 11–33 months | Tercile 3: 33–111 months |
| Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | |||
| Posture speed (m/s) | 0.00074–0.00562 | 0.003(0.001) | 0.003(0.002) | 0.003(0.001) | 0.00105–0.00625 | 0.003(0.002) | 0.004(0.002) | 0.003(0.001) |
| Reaction time (s) | 0.207–0.332 | 0.257(0.030) | 0.263(0.023) | 0.275(0.038) | 0.214–0.330 | 0.257(0.038) | 0.278(0.037) | 0.272(0.027) |
| Initial direction error (rad) | 0.0197–0.0887 | 0.046(0.020) | 0.050(0.017) | 0.049(0.020) | 0.01972–0.0792 | 0.044(0.013) | 0.048(0.013) | 0.049(0.015) |
| Initial distance ratio | 0.6771–1 | 0.870(0.053) | 0.868(0.106) | 0.861(0.097) | 0.8258–1 | 0.895(0.063) | 0.887(0.062) | 0.872(0.095) |
| Initial speed ratio | 0.9044–1 | 0.966(0.031) | 0.977(0.024) | 0.965(0.031) | 0.9182–1 | 0.973(0.025) | 0.973(0.036) | 0.971(0.031) |
| Speed maxima count | 1.5526–3.2000 | 2.589(0.348) | 2.469(0.555) | 2.612(0.512) | 1.525–2.974 | 2.410(0.379) | 2.280(0.352) | 2.431(0.391) |
| Minimum maximum speed difference (m/s) | 0.00503–0.0330 | 0.018(0.008) | 0.017(0.007) | 0.016(0.009) | 0.00531–0.03428 | 0.018(0.11) | 0.019(0.008) | 0.017(0.008) |
| Movement time (s) | 0.7665–1.388 | 1.088(0.172) | 1.082(0.181) | 1.119(0.220) | 0.694–1.297 | 1.056(0.104) | 1.039(0.141) | 1.093(0.151) |
| Path length ratio | 1.0422–1.2892 | 1.164(0.072) | 1.154(0.058) | 1.141(0.079) | 1.0511–1.3345 | 1.184(0.117) | 1.186(0.074) | 1.174(0.088) |
| Max speed (m/s) | 0.16405–0.52206 | 0.272(0.079) | 0.257(0.060) | 0.247(0.079) | 0.1856–0.6092 | 0.283(0.105) | 0.270(0.059) | 0.257(0.068) |
| Arm position matching | Reference range: R | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2:11–33 months | Tercile 3:33–111 months | Reference range: L | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2:11–33 months | Tercile 3:33–111 months |
| Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | |||
| Variability X (m) | 0.0139–0.0861 | 0.043(0.024) | 0.053(0.033) | 0.046(0.023) | 0.0163–0.1017 | 0.043(0.024) | 0.038(0.017) | 0.044(0.035) |
| Variability Y (m) | 0.0058–0.0287 | 0.020(0.016) | 0.018(0.007) | 0.017(0.004) | 0.0075–0.0331 | 0.018(0.012) | 0.016(0.005) | 0.017(0.006) |
| Variability XY (m) | 0.0178–0.08892 | 0.048(0.027) | 0.057(0.033) | 0.049(0.023) | 0.0189–0.1060 | 0.047(0.026) | 0.041(0.070) | 0.048(0.035) |
| Contraction/expansion ratio X | 0.2313–1.300 | 0.974(0.273) | 0.859(0.297) | 0.900(0.349) | 0.1979–1.3720 | 0.972(0.262) | 0.951(0.235) | 0.930(0.194) |
| Contraction/expansion ratio Y | 0.7658–1.1623 | 0.977(0.187) | 0.970(0.092) | 1.001(0.070) | 0.8136–1.1636 | 0.961(0.159) | 0.965(0.099) | 0.992(0.086) |
| Contraction/expansion ratio XY | 0.2489–1.4161 | 0.986(0.333) | 0.849(0.327) | 0.914(0.384) | 0.1601–1.4422 | 0.962(0.303) | 0.927(0.283) | 0.935(0.242) |
| Shift X (m) | −0.1200–0.0596 | −0.020(0.052) | −0.025(0.059) | −0.044(0.065) | −0.123–0.052 | −0.0001(0.064) | −0.029(0.067) | −0.036(0.064) |
| Shift Y (m) | −0.0377–0.02391 | −0.005(0.023) | −0.003(0.024) | −0.008(0.018) | −0.03992–0.01962 | −0.013(0.019) | −0.011(0.022) | −0.006(0.012) |
| Shift XY (m) | 0.00866–0.29611 | 0.048(0.036) | 0.050(0.046) | 0.059(0.055) | 0.01205–0.2531 | 0.052(0.043) | 0.050(0.058) | 0.048(0.060) |
| Absolute Error X | 0.0135–0.1655 | 0.057(0.034) | 0.070(0.053) | 0.075(0.056) | 0.0187–0.1659 | 0.060(0.046) | 0.065(0.065) | 0.064(0.064) |
| Absolute Error Y | 0.0061–0.0372 | 0.026(0.020) | 0.025(0.013) | 0.022(0.010) | 0.0076–0.0399 | 0.025(0.022) | 0.024(0.015) | 0.019(0.007) |
| Absolute Error XY | 0.02033–0.16927 | 0.068(0.039) | 0.078(0.053) | 0.083(0.054) | 0.0259–0.1698 | 0.070(0.052) | 0.074(0.064) | 0.071(0.063) |
| Object hit | Reference range: | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2:11–33 months | Tercile 3:33–111 months | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | ||||||
| Total hits | 120–216 | 164(25) | 158(26) | 157(28) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hits with left | 50–116 | 73(15) | 73(14) | 70(14) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hit with right | 62–118 | 91(16) | 86(18) | 86(17) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand bias hits | −0.1579–0.2814 | 0.109(0.110) | 0.073(0.122) | 0.099(0.089) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Miss bias | −0.0556–0.0665 | 0.005(0.033) | −0.007(0.033) | −0.013(0.034) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand transition | −0.0764–0.0504 | −0.026(0.034) | −0.011(0.035) | −0.011(0.029) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand selection overlap | 0.0779–0.3009 | 0.151(0.031) | 0.166(0.042) | 0.133(0.044) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Median error | 50–63 | 59(3) | 58(3) | 58(2) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand speed L (m/s) | 0.2073–0.5849 | 0.304(0.062) | 0.315(0.071) | 0.280(0.070) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand speed R (m/s) | 0.2330–0.5848 | 0.352(0.066) | 0.388(0.094) | 0.314(0.092) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand speed bias | −0.1545–0.2024 | 0.076(0.065) | 0.027(0.085) | 0.049(0.088) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Movement area L (m^2) | 0.0871–0.2021 | 0.135(0.026) | 0.132(0.030) | 0.114(0.026) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Movement area R (m^2) | 0.0951–0.2155 | 0.150(0.026) | 0.140(0.032) | 0.122(0.031) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Movement area bias | −0.1163–0.3828 | 0.052(0.075) | 0.030(0.073) | 0.050(0.080) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Object hit & avoid | Reference range: | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2: 11–33 months | Tercile 3: 33–111 months | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | ||||||
| Total hits | 77–159 | 110(17) | 108(20) | 104(19) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hits with left | 31–74 | 50(10) | 52(11) | 49(10) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hit with right | 39–88 | 59(10) | 56(12) | 55(11) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Miss bias | −0.0667–0.0664 | 0.010(0.035) | 0.005(0.034) | 0.005(0.030) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand transition | −0.0923–0.0528 | −0.028(0.037) | −0.012(0.038) | −0.020(0.036) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand selection overlap | 0.0430–0.2344 | 0.106(0.040) | 0.109(0.041) | 0.098(0.035) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Median error | 43–67 | 60(6) | 60(8) | 60(4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand speed L (m/s) | 0.1469–0.4088 | 0.244(0.050) | 0.244(0.059) | 0.223(0.050) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hand speed R (m/s) | 0.1506–0.4443 | 0.264(0.060) | 0.256(0.073) | 0.241(0.066) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Movement area L (m^2) | 0.0797–0.1933 | 0.129(0.022) | 0.123(0.029) | 0.109(0.028) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Movement area R (m^2) | 0.0866–0.2112 | 0.136(0.023) | 0.123(0.030) | 0.116(0.027) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Distractor hits L | 0–16 | 6(4) | 8(4) | 7(4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Distractor hits R | 0–16 | 6(5) | 8(5) | 8(4) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Distractor hits total | 0–31 | 12(8) | 16(9) | 15(8) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Trail Making B | Reference range: | Tercile 1: 0–11 months | Tercile 2:11–33 months | Tercile 3:33–111 months | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | Mean (Std) | ||||||
| Total time (s) | 24–92 | 59(12) | 57(28) | 65(19) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Dwell time (s) | 9–49 | 32(10) | 25(10) | 33(12) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time ratio | 0.3551–1.7837 | 1.148(0.524) | 1.125(0.413) | 0.994(0.301) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Error count | 0–6 | 2(2) | 3(3) | 2(3) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Healthy control reference range versus terciles for grouping A, based on time since last concussion, across parameters from the five KINARM robot tasks (NA not applicable)