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. 2011 Nov 10;17(2):164–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00741.x

Table 1.

Four states of ‘knowing’

Have knowledge about a topic Lack knowledge about a topic
Without self‐awareness of level of knowledge Not realizing that you know (unconscious competence and the problematic expert) Not realizing that you do not know (unconscious incompetence)
With self‐awareness of level of knowledge Realizing that you know (conscious competence) Realizing that you do not know (conscious incompetence)