Table 4.
Independent effect of each variable (Coefficient (SD)) on Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) accordance and nutrient intake using multivariate linear regression models among adults with hypertension participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2012.
| Variable (reference group) | DASH accordance score | Sodium | Cholesterol | Saturated fat | Total fat | Protein | Calcium | Magnesium | Potassium | Fiber |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosed with hypertension (no hypertension diagnosis)a | 0.007 (0.020) | 0.038⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.044 (0.025) | 0.045⁎ (0.018) | 0.047⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.039⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.031 (0.018) | 0.027 (0.014) | 0.018 (0.014) | 0.020 (0.019) |
| Male (female) | 0.0618⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.249⁎⁎⁎ (0.011) | 0.323⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.261⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.256⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.263⁎⁎⁎ (0.010) | 0.138⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.179⁎⁎⁎ (0.010) | 0.183⁎⁎⁎ (0.010) | 0.126⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) |
| Age (20–29 years) | ||||||||||
| 30–39 | 0.108⁎ (0.046) | 0.022 (0.034) | − 0.033 (0.056) | − 0.011 (0.042) | − 0.002 (0.038) | 0.001 (0.032) | − 0.040 (0.042) | 0.061 (0.032) | 0.040 (0.031) | 0.079 (0.043) |
| 40–49 | 0.126⁎⁎ (0.044) | 0.059 (0.032) | 0.041 (0.053) | 0.001 (0.040) | 0.024 (0.036) | 0.038 (0.030) | − 0.041 (0.040) | 0.133⁎⁎⁎ (0.030) | 0.135⁎⁎⁎ (0.030) | 0.167⁎⁎⁎ (0.041) |
| 50–64 | 0.126⁎⁎ (0.041) | − 0.030 (0.030) | − 0.024 (0.050) | − 0.106⁎⁎ (0.038) | − 0.065 (0.034) | − 0.046 (0.029) | − 0.129⁎⁎⁎ (0.037) | 0.103⁎⁎⁎ (0.029) | 0.120⁎⁎⁎ (0.028) | 0.168⁎⁎⁎ (0.039) |
| 65–80 | 0.121⁎⁎ (0.043) | − 0.128⁎⁎⁎ (0.031) | − 0.127⁎ (0.052) | − 0.203⁎⁎⁎ (0.039) | − 0.162⁎⁎⁎ (0.035) | − 0.136⁎⁎⁎ (0.030) | − 0.176⁎⁎⁎ (0.039) | 0.041 (0.030) | 0.083⁎⁎ (0.029) | 0.179⁎⁎⁎ (0.040) |
| Ethnicity (non–Hispanic white)b | ||||||||||
| Non–Hispanic black | − 0.088⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | − 0.073⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | 0.065⁎⁎ (0.022) | − 0.128⁎⁎⁎ (0.016) | − 0.060⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | − 0.047⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | − 0.235⁎⁎⁎ (0.016) | − 0.130⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | − 0.162⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | − 0.130⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
| Hispanic | 0.188⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) | − 0.104⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | − 0.029 (0.025) | − 0.162⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | − 0.135⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | − 0.009 (0.014) | − 0.048⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.023 (0.014) | − 0.024 (0.014) | 0.108⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
| Other race | 0.0923⁎⁎ (0.032) | 0.0474⁎ (0.024) | − 0.140⁎⁎⁎ (0.040) | − 0.270⁎⁎⁎ (0.030) | − 0.199⁎⁎⁎ (0.027) | − 0.0425 (0.023) | − 0.202⁎⁎⁎ (0.029) | − 0.0218 (0.023) | − 0.0756⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) | 0.024 (0.030) |
| Education level (less than high school) | ||||||||||
| High school | − 0.046⁎ (0.020) | 0.052⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.023 (0.024) | 0.084⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.073⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.030⁎ (0.014) | 0.039⁎ (0.018) | 0.046⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.052⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.033 (0.019) |
| Some college | 0.011 (0.020) | 0.072⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.042 (0.025) | 0.107⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.095⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.051⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.079⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.096⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.091⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | 0.115⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
| College graduate | 0.075⁎⁎ (0.024) | 0.055⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.008 (0.030) | 0.082⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) | 0.084⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) | 0.070⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.108⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) | 0.146⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.125⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.187⁎⁎⁎ (0.023) |
| Income level (less than $25,000 annual household income) | ||||||||||
| $25,000–$44,999 | − 0.011 (0.019) | 0.025 (0.014) | 0.050⁎ (0.024) | 0.024 (0.018) | 0.033⁎ (0.016) | 0.031⁎ (0.013) | 0.018 (0.018) | 0.020 (0.013) | 0.017 (0.013) | 0.013 (0.018) |
| $45,000–$74,999 | − 0.013 (0.022) | 0.026 (0.016) | 0.065⁎ (0.027) | 0.039 (0.020) | 0.050⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.045⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.021 (0.020) | 0.045⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.032⁎ (0.015) | 0.030 (0.021) |
| ≥$75,000 | 0.009 (0.024) | 0.042⁎ (0.018) | 0.071⁎ (0.029) | 0.061⁎⁎ (0.022) | 0.069⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) | 0.055⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.060⁎⁎ (0.022) | 0.059⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.049⁎⁎ (0.016) | 0.064⁎⁎ (0.022) |
| Married (unmarried) | 0.006 (0.016) | − 0.006 (0.012) | − 0.017 (0.019) | − 0.023 (0.014) | − 0.012 (0.013) | 0.001 (0.011) | − 0.027 (0.014) | − 0.003 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.040⁎⁎ (0.015) |
| Employed (unemployed) | − 0.022 (0.018) | 0.066⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | 0.031 (0.021) | 0.053⁎⁎⁎ (0.016) | 0.075⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.059⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.007 (0.016) | 0.036⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.031⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.015 (0.017) |
| Body mass index category (normal BMI: 18.5–24.9) | ||||||||||
| Underweight (BMI: < 18.5) | 0.003 (0.075) | − 0.035 (0.056) | − 0.110 (0.093) | − 0.093 (0.069) | − 0.038 (0.063) | − 0.076 (0.053) | − 0.084 (0.069) | − 0.107⁎ (0.053) | − 0.130⁎ (0.052) | − 0.162⁎ (0.071) |
| Overweight (BMI: 25.0–29.9) | − 0.016 (0.021) | − 0.010 (0.015) | − 0.005 (0.026) | 0.011 (0.019) | − 0.001 (0.017) | − 0.004 (0.015) | 0.026 (0.019) | − 0.009 (0.015) | − 0.003 (0.014) | − 0.027 (0.020) |
| Obese (BMI: ≥ 30.0) | − 0.062⁎⁎ (0.020) | 0.036⁎ (0.015) | 0.091⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) | 0.061⁎⁎ (0.019) | 0.043⁎ (0.017) | 0.030⁎ (0.014) | 0.038⁎ (0.019) | − 0.023 (0.014) | − 0.012 (0.014) | − 0.044⁎ (0.019) |
| Diabetes (no diabetes) | − 0.016 (0.018) | 0.014 (0.013) | 0.031 (0.021) | − 0.028 (0.016) | − 0.011 (0.015) | 0.009 (0.012) | − 0.020 (0.016) | − 0.017 (0.012) | − 0.016 (0.012) | 0.017 (0.017) |
| Heart disease (no heart disease) | − 0.037 (0.019) | − 0.037⁎⁎ (0.014) | − 0.024 (0.024) | − 0.033 (0.018) | − 0.034⁎ (0.016) | − 0.038⁎⁎ (0.014) | − 0.055⁎⁎ (0.018) | − 0.056⁎⁎⁎ (0.014) | − 0.030⁎ (0.013) | − 0.053⁎⁎ (0.018) |
| Has health insurance (no health insurance)c | − 0.026 (0.022) | 0.032⁎ (0.016) | − 0.009 (0.027) | 0.042⁎ (0.020) | 0.035⁎ (0.018) | 0.005 (0.015) | 0.039 (0.020) | 0.017 (0.015) | 0.017 (0.015) | 0.002 (0.021) |
| Current smoker (does not smoke) | − 0.117⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) | 0.021 (0.015) | 0.039 (0.024) | 0.080⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.055⁎⁎⁎ (0.016) | − 0.005 (0.014) | − 0.053⁎⁎ (0.018) | − 0.025 (0.014) | − 0.013 (0.014) | − 0.138⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
| Physical activity (no physical activity)d | 0.105⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.018 (0.013) | − 0.006 (0.022) | − 0.022 (0.016) | − 0.013 (0.015) | 0.023 (0.012) | 0.052⁎⁎ (0.016) | 0.072⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.061⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.085⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
| Self–reported health status (excellent) | ||||||||||
| Very good/good/fair | − 0.052 (0.028) | − 0.010 (0.021) | − 0.026 (0.035) | 0.005 (0.026) | − 0.017 (0.024) | − 0.019 (0.020) | − 0.011 (0.026) | − 0.035 (0.020) | − 0.033 (0.019) | − 0.047 (0.027) |
| Poor | − 0.032 (0.039) | − 0.043 (0.029) | − 0.043 (0.048) | − 0.017 (0.036) | − 0.052 (0.033) | − 0.053 (0.027) | − 0.019 (0.036) | − 0.068⁎ (0.027) | − 0.084⁎⁎ (0.027) | − 0.112⁎⁎ (0.037) |
| NHANES survey period (2007–2008) | ||||||||||
| 2009–2010 | 0.037⁎ (0.017) | 0.074⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.001 (0.021) | − 0.001 (0.015) | 0.001 (0.014) | 0.029⁎ (0.012) | 0.082⁎⁎⁎ (0.015) | 0.045⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.053⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.032⁎ (0.016) |
| 2011–2012 | 0.054⁎⁎ (0.018) | 0.091⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | 0.027 (0.022) | 0.027 (0.017) | 0.036⁎ (0.015) | 0.050⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | 0.106⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) | 0.060⁎⁎⁎ (0.013) | 0.065⁎⁎⁎ (0.012) | 0.074⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
| Constant | 0.752⁎⁎⁎ (0.058) | 7.744⁎⁎⁎ (0.043) | 5.185⁎⁎⁎ (0.071) | 2.872⁎⁎⁎ (0.053) | 3.984⁎⁎⁎ (0.048) | 4.061⁎⁎⁎ (0.040) | 6.597⁎⁎⁎ (0.053) | 5.286⁎⁎⁎ (0.040) | 7.506⁎⁎⁎ (0.040) | 2.348⁎⁎⁎ (0.055) |
a
Included in the diagnosed group were those who answered affirmatively to the hypertension question (n = 4932); included in the undiagnosed group were those who answered negatively to the hypertension question but whose BP measurements met inclusion criteria (n = 916).
b
Ethnicity was self-reported; the Other category includes Asian and multiracial.
c
Health insurance included any type of health care plan, including Medicare or Medicaid.
d
Physical activity was defined as engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity for 150 min per week.
⁎
P < 0.05.
⁎⁎
P < 0.01.
⁎⁎⁎
P < 0.001.