Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics at the 3‐cluster level
| PD subtypes | HC (n = 31) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattern 1 (n = 30) | Pattern 2 (n = 29) | Pattern 3 (n = 29) | Test stats, P value | ||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 15 (50.0) | 20 (69.0) | 16 (55.2) | 16 (51.6) | 2.667, .446a |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 70.60 (9.6) | 58.03 (8.9) | 63.48 (9.5) | 64.32 (8.5) | 9.401, < .0001b, f, g |
| Education, y, mean (SD) | 7.77 (4.8) | 13.55 (5.5) | 10.55 (4.0) | 11.03 (4.2) | 7.622, < .0001b, d, f |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 28.57 (1.4) | 29.24 (0.9) | 29.31 (0.9) | 29.68 (0.5) | 6.944, < .0001c, d |
| Disease duration, y, mean (SD) | 8.77 (6.6) | 8.36 (5.7) | 6.83 (4.6) | NA | 0.949, .391b |
| Age of onset, y, mean (SD) | 61.83 (12.7) | 49.67 (8.3) | 56.66 (10.3) | NA | 9.710, < .0001c, f, h |
| Early PD, 5 y n, (%) | 12 (40.0) | 11 (37.9) | 14 (48.3) | NA | 0.715, .699a |
| BDI, mean (SD) | 13.67 (5.7) | 8.88 (6.8) | 9.61 (5.7) | 6.03 (5.7) | 7.888, < .0001b, d, f |
| Apathy, mean (SD) | 15.11 (7.9) | 11.60 (7.1) | 11.29 (6.0) | 8.38 (5.1) | 4.958, .003c, d |
| NPI, mean (SD) | 6.59 (7.8) | 4.41 (8.2) | 6.21 (6.5) | 1.52 (3.2) | 3.242, .025c, d, e |
| Visual hallucinations, n (%) | 6 (20.0) | 6 (22.2) | 5 (17.2) | 0 (0) | 7.900, .245a |
| UPDRS part III, mean (SD) | 18.07 (9.1) | 15.17 (11.6) | 13.07 (8.4) | NA | 1.945, .149b |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage, n 1/1.5/2/2.5/3 | 2/3/16/4/5 | 9/2/13/3/2 | 11/0/14/1/3 | NA | 12.262, .140a |
| LEDD, mg, mean (SD) | 764.63 (388.3) | 930.52 (576.4) | 718.00 (493.9) | NA | 1.503, .228b |
| Total MCI, n (%) | 20 (66.7) | 14 (48.3) | 11 (37.9) | NA | 5.015, .081a |
| Visuospatial functions, n (%) | 10 (33.3) | 9 (31.0) | 7 (24.1) | NA | 0.645, .724a |
| Executive functions, n (%) | 16 (53.3) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (20.7) | NA | 9.712, .008a |
| Memory, n (%) | 14 (46.7) | 11 (37.9) | 9 (31.0) | NA | 1.529, .466a |
| Attention and WM, n (%) | 20 (66.7) | 17 (58.6) | 14 (48.3) | NA | 2.055, .358a |
| Language, n (%) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (6.9) | NA | 0.339, .844a |
Apathy, Starkstein's Apathy Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory‐II; HC, healthy controls; LEDD, l‐dopa equivalent daily dose; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; MMSE, Mini‐Mental State Examination; NA, not applicable; NPI, Cumming's Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD, Parkinson's disease; UPDRS III, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor section; WM, working memory.
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) (continuous) or frequencies (categorical).
The Chi‐squared test was used.
Analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used.
Analysis of variance followed by Tamhane (T2) post hoc test was used.
Significant post hoc differences (P < .05) between HC and pattern 1.
Significant post hoc differences (P < .05) between HC and pattern 3.
Significant post hoc differences (P < .05) between pattern 1 and pattern 2.
Significant post hoc differences (P < .05) between pattern 1 and pattern 3.
Significant post hoc differences (P < .05) between pattern 2 and pattern 3.