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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 12.
Published in final edited form as: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015 May 21;29(1):147–155. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2015.04.027

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Brain regions involved in the dimensions of pain. There are feedback loops involving dimensions of pain. Pain has negative effects on emotions and cognitive functions but negative of positive emotion or cognitive states can directly modulate pain perception. The cortical regions consistently showing changes in patients with chronic pain include the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex [1].