Table 5. Seasonal patterns of diel activity in cathemeral mammals (brown bears, red foxes, and Japanese martens).
| Brown bear | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Twilight | Day-time | Night-time | Category | P |
| Winter | - | - | - | - | - |
| Spring | 0.76 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 0.19 | 0.22 ± 0.13 | Ca | 0.21 |
| Summer | 0.82 ± 0.33 | 0.44 ± 0.15 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | Ca | 0.13 |
| Autumn | 0.14 ± 0.14 | 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | Ca | 0.06 |
| Red fox | |||||
| Winter | 0.83 ± 0.33 | 1.23 ± 0.30 | 0.44 ± 0.14 | Ca | 0.12 |
| Spring | 3.81 ± 0.69 | 4.31 ± 0.50 | 5.90 ± 0.72 | Ca | 0.06 |
| Summer | 2.31 ± 0.57 | 3.95 ± 0.43 | 4.57 ± 0.53 | D/N | ** |
| Autumn | 3.94 ± 0.72 | 3.37 ± 0.54 | 3.45 ± 0.45 | Ca | 0.76 |
| Japanese marten | |||||
| Winter | 0.28 ± 0.20 | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.30 ± 0.12 | Ca | 0.92 |
| Spring | 0.63 ± 0.28 | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 0.57 ± 0.19 | Ca | 0.71 |
| Summer | 1.22 ± 0.40 | 1.06 ± 0.21 | 1.30 ± 0.31 | Ca | 0.86 |
| Autumn | 0.54 ± 0.27 | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 1.45 ± 0.27 | N | *** |
These values indicate average photographic frequencies and SE per 100 trap-days. Differences in the frequencies among three time periods were tested by one-way ANOVA, and main activity types were categorized by Steel-Dwass multiple comparison test. D, N, Cr, and Ca indicate diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular, and cathemeral activity, respectively.
*** indicates P < 0.001.
** indicates P < 0.01.