Table 1. Physiologic and metabolic variables in the Ghanaian cohort.
| Females | Males | Urban | Rural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | p-value | Urban | Rural | p-value | p-value by sex | p-value by sex | |
| N | 1293 | 583 | 972 | 469 | ||||
| Age (years) | 42.1 (11.3) | 43.9 (15.9) | 0.005 | 42.9 (12.6) | 44.9 (17.2) | 0.005 | 0.113 | 0.333 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (5.6) | 22.9 (3.9) | <0.001 | 24.0 (3.9) | 21.5 (2.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 125.1 (18.3) | 123.8 (20.2) | 0.002 | 130.2 (18.9) | 127.3 (16.9) | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.7 (10.7) | 73.7 (11.6) | <0.001 | 78.0 (12.4) | 73.5 (10.8) | <0.001 | 0.694 | 0.623 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 181.8 (42.1) | 152.3 (36.9) | <0.001 | 170.6 (42.5) | 142.2 (36.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 113.9 (37.6)1 | 88.6 (32.3)2 | <0.001 | 106.3 (34.1)3 | 76.4 (27.3)4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 49.2 (14.6)1 | 46.5 (15.9)2 | 0.002 | 43.5 (13.3)3 | 44.5 (14.7)4 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.212 |
| TC/HDL-C | 3.8 (1.6)1 | 3.3 (1.8)2 | <0.001 | 3.9 (1.7)3 | 3.2 (1.5)4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.097 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 77 (47) | 82 (52) | 0.103 | 83 (57) | 82.5 (53) | 0.103 | <0.001 | 0.084 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93 (15) | 94 (14) | 0.371 | 91 (15) | 90 (14) | 0.371 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| t-PA (ng/mL) | 6.4 (4.6) | 4.3 (3.4) | <0.001 | 6.7 (5.3) | 5.6 (4.3) | <0.001 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 3.9 (6.3) | 2.9 (4.4) | <0.001 | 3.7 (6.3) | 3.5 (4.8) | <0.001 | 0.282 | 0.253 |
1n = 955
2n = 317
3n = 722
4n = 225
Data shown as: crude mean (standard deviation), except for TC/HDL-C, TG, glucose, t-PA, and PAI-1, shown as: median (interquartile range); BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Glucose: fasting plasma glucose; t-PA—tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor
p-value: t-test (allowing for unequal variances) was performed on age-adjusted residuals to evaluate significance of difference between means; TC/HDL, TG, glucose, t-PA, and PAI-1 were first log-transformed.