Table 2.

Participant Demographics

	FHD+ (mean±SD)	FHD− (mean±SD)	p values two-tailed FHD+ vs. FHD−
n	29	21
Age (in months)	67.46 ± 5.19	64.95 ± 3.18	0.557
Gender
Female	12	10
Male	17	11
Parent Education	5.05 ± 0.97	5.38 ± 1.01	0.254
HLE score (composite)	34.15 ± 8.86	36.88 ± 9.08	0.296
Behavioral Measures
CTOPP
Elision	9.66 ± 1.97	10.81 ± 2.25	0.067
Blending	10.66 ± 1.86	11.33 ± 1.65	0.181
Non-Word Repetition	9.38 ± 1.84	9.90 ± 1.81	0.320
Phonetic Awareness	10.16 ± 1.59	11.07 ± 1.71	0.061
RAN
Objects	94.00 ± 11.37	105.65 ± 10.78	0.0007***
Colors	93.07 ± 13.81	105.52 ± 13.44	0.0023**
CELF
Core Language	107.34 ± 12.38	114.95 ± 10.17	0.021*
Receptive Language	105.97 ± 11.34	112.90 ± 10.82	0.033*
Expressive Language	106.21 ± 13.71	115.00 ± 10.57	0.014*
Language Structure	106.55 ± 12.24	115.38 ± 9.85	0.007**
Language Content	103.00 ± 10.35	110.60 ± 12.61	0.129
VATT
Inflection	26.93 ± 5.59	28.55 ± 3.94	0.415
Repetition	36.13 ± 3.68	39.33 ± 0.87	0.005**
KBIT
Verbal	112.06 ± 8.76	117.10 ± 7.62	0.131
Non-verbal	101.24 ± 11.75	104.52 ± 10.10	0.295
Word ID	0.73 ± 2.19	0.5 ± 1.10	0.661

Note: CELF: Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; CTOPP: Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; KBIT: Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test; RAN: Rapid Automatized Naming; VATT: Verb Agreement and Tense Test.

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001; two-tailed t test; Standard scores are reported.