Table 1.
Effects of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2 inhibition on different immune cell types
| Cell type | mTORC 1 inhibition [References] | mTORC 2 inhibition [References] |
|---|---|---|
| Dendritic cells (DCs) | ||
| ‐ Conventional DCs | Suppresses maturation, antigen uptake and micropinocytosis, and induces apoptosis 24, 25, 26; paradoxical augmentation of proinflammatory cytokine production 124 | Augments ability to polarize Th1 and Th17; mTORC2 restrains proinflammatory function of activated DCs 33 |
| ‐ Plasmacytoid DCs | Inhibits activation, modifies cytokine production, enhances Tmem and Treg proliferation 38 | Unknown |
| T cells | Controls Th1 and Th 17 differentiation 38 | Controls Th2 differentiation 125 |
| ‐ Effector T cells | ||
| – CD8 + memory cells | Augments CD8+ Tmem responses in infection 126 | Regulates development of CD8+ cells, altering the quantity and quality of receptors important for cell differentiation 45 |
| – Tregs | Promotes Treg expansion, differentiation and function 50, 78 | Maintains Treg cell stability and coordinates Treg‐mediated control of effector responses 127 |
| NKT cells | Decreases terminal differentiation, reduces peripheral invariant NKT cells, impairs cytokine production 54 | Reduces NKT‐17 cell differentiation, reduces thymic and peripheral NKT cells 55 |
| B cells | Reduces marginal zone formation, decreases antibody (Ab) class switching, alters Ab repertoire 128 | Affects development, survival and function of mature B lineage cells, impairs Ab production 58 |
| MDSCs | Induces T cell suppression by MDSCs, higher expression of iNOS, upregulation of Tregs 42 | Unknown |
| Endothelial cells | Lessens proliferation and cytokine secretion by allogeneic CD4+, upregulates Tregs and reduces infiltration of allogeneic effector T cells into the arterial intima 62 | Antagonizes TNF induction of VCAM‐1 63 |
iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MDSC, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells; NKT, natural killer T cells; Th, T helper cell; Tmem, T memory cell; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; Tregs, antigen‐specific regulatory T cells; VCAM‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1.