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. 2016 Oct 13;7:436. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00436

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The mechanisms proposed so far for the action of opium on blood glucose, serum lipids, and blood pressure. Herein, short term effects are mostly exerted via hormonal and neural mechanisms but long term effects are often due to structural and functional alterations. In long-term periods depending on the dose and duration of use and other factors, different mechanisms are gradually involved. 1Molina et al. (1994), 2Berglund et al. (1990), 3Al Sagair (2005), 4Bryant et al. (1987), 5Payabvash et al. (2006), 6Zhang et al. (2004), 7Divsalar et al. (2010), 8Rahimi et al. (2014), 9Bryant et al. (1988), 10Radosevich et al. (1984), 11May et al. (1988), 12Ipp et al. (1980), 13Molina et al. (1994), 14Zandomeneghi et al. (1988), 15Liu and Cheng (2011), 16Sheldon and Quin (2005), 17Headrick et al. (2012), 18Mansour et al. (1970), 19Asgary et al. (2008), 20de Luis et al. (2005), 21Jimenez and Fuentes (1993), 22Bolte et al. (2009).