A—HUMAN STUDIES
Study reference	Type of substance and duration of usage	Type of study	Study population	Underlying disease	Results (addicts compared to non-addicts)
					BMI	FBS	HbA1c	Prevalence of diabetes
Asgary et al., 2008	Opium addicted	Case-control	n = 720 smoker men (360 opium addict, 360 non-addict)	None	ND	↔	↑	ND
Sanli et al., 2015	Opium addicted	Case-control	n = 115 men/women (46 opium dependent, 69 non-dependent)	None	ND	↔	ND	ND
Masoomi et al., 2015	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 217 men (103 opium addict, 114 non-addict)	None	ND	↔	ND	↔
Roohafza et al., 2013	Opium addicted	Cohort	n = 569 men (99 opium addicts, 470 non-addicts)	AMI	↔	↔	ND	ND
Javadi et al., 2014	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 304 men/women (152 opium user, 152 non-user)	AMI	ND	↔	ND	↔
Bayani et al., 2014	Opium (for more Than 6 months)	Cross-sectional	n = 97 men/women (48 opium addicts, 49 non-addicts)	ACS + type 2 diabetes	↔	↔	↔	Both groups were diabetic
Najafi and Sheikhvatan, 2012a	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 232 (26 opium addicts, 206 non-addicts)	advanced CAD+ type 2 diabetes	↓	↔	↔	Both groups were diabetic
Karam et al., 2004	Opium (for at least 1 year)	Case-control	n = 98 men/women (49 opium addict, 49 non-addict)	Type 2 diabetes	↔	↔	↑#	Both groups were diabetic
Hosseini et al., 2011	Opium (for more than 3 month)	Cross-sectional	n =456 men/women (228 opium addict, 228 non-addict)	Diabetes mellitus	↓	↔	ND	Both groups were diabetic
Rahimi et al., 2014	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 374 men/women (179 opium addict, 195 non-addict)	Type 2 diabetes	↓	↔	↔	Both groups were diabetic
Rezvanfar et al., 2011	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 232 men (88 opium user, 144 non-user)	Type 2 diabetes	↔	↔	↓	Both groups were diabetic
Ceriello et al., 1987	Heroin (for 2–7 years) Methadone (for 1–3 years)	Case-control	n = 45 men (15 heroin addict, 15 methadone treatment, 15 normal)	None	↔	↔	ND	ND
Zandomeneghi et al., 1988	Heroin (for at least 2 years)	Case-control	n = 20 men/women (10 heroin addict, 10 normal)	None	↔	↔	ND	ND
Gozashti et al., 2015	Opium addicted	Case-control	n = 108 men/women (53 opium addict, 55 non-addict)	None	↔	↑	ND	ND
Azod et al., 2008	Opium addicted	Case-control	n =69 men (23 opium addict, 46 non-addict)	Type 2 diabetes	↔	↓	↔	Both groups were diabetic
Afarinesh et al., 2014	Opium (for more than 2 years)	Cross-sectional	n = 320 men (90 opium dependent, 120 opium withdrawal, 110 healthy)	None	ND	↓	ND	ND
Shirani et al., 2010	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 939 men (opium addicts, and non-addicts)	CAD	↓	↓	↑	↓
Masoomi et al., 2008	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 240 men/women (126 opium addict, 114 non-addict)	AMI	ND	↓	ND	↓
Aghadavoudi et al., 2015	Opium (for 12.6 ± 7.7 years)	Cross-sectional	n = 325 men/women (117 opium addict, 208 non-addict)	CAD	↓	↓	ND	↓
Dehghani et al., 2013	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 460 men/women (239 opium addict, 221 non-addict)	AMI	ND	↓	ND	↓
Divsalar et al., 2010	Opium, Heroin	Cross-sectional	n = 112 men (42 opium addict, 35 heroin addict, 35 non-addict)	None	↔	↓*	ND	ND
Najafi and Sheikhvatan, 2012b	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 268 men/women (38 opium addict, 230 non-addict)	CAD	↓	ND	ND	↓
Yousefzadeh et al., 2015	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 5332 men/women (811 current opium users, 176 former opium users. 4340 non-user)	None	↓	ND	ND	↑
Davoodi et al., 2005	Opium addicted	Cohort	n = 160 (45 opium-dependent, 115 non-dependent)	AMI	ND	ND	ND	↔
Najafipour et al., 2015a	Opium addicted	Cross-sectional	n = 5896 men/women (non-users, occasional users, dependent users)	normal/T2DM	↔	ND	↔	↔