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. 2016 Apr 12;73(6):1491–1524. doi: 10.1007/s00285-016-0995-3

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Means and standard deviations of mutation rates evolved to minimise expected distance to the optimum in Hamming space $H_{4}^{10}$ after 500 generations. The results are based on 20 runs of the Meta-GA, each evolving mutation rates for $5 \cdot 10^{5}$ generations. Each generation of the Meta-GA involved running the Inner-GAs for 500 generations with 100 individuals. Dashed lines represent theoretical functions optimising short-term (step) and long-term (linear) criteria