Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate of the associated factors for visual impairment.

	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Age (per year increase)	1.15	1.13–1.17	<0.001	1.12	1.10–1.16	<0.001
Gender (female versus male)	2.20	1.72–2.82	<0.001	2.33	1.53–3.55	<0.001
Education (no formal versus formal education)	2.19	1.72–2.79	<0.001	1.02	0.75–1.34	0.95
Monthly income (less than 1000 versus 1000 or more)	2.43	1.86–3.16	<0.001	0.95	0.69–1.48	0.32
Hypertension (yes versus no)	1.46	1.09–1.95	0.01	1.31	1.001–1.85	0.04
Diabetes (yes versus no)	1.06	0.69–1.64	0.78		—
Living arrangements (living alone versus living with others)	1.82	1.31–2.53	<0.001	1.52	1.08–2.62	0.02
Smoking for at least 5 years (yes versus no)	1.98	1.56–3.37	<0.001	1.13	0.85–1.77	0.46
Alcohol intake within the past 3 months (yes versus no)	0.56	0.41–0.78	<0.001	0.80	0.56–1.92	0.35
Green tea consumption per day (3 glasses or more versus less than 3 glasses)	0.42	0.27–0.85	0.005	0.79	0.63–0.98	0.02
Sleeping hours per day (per hour increase)	1.48	1.37–1.59	<0.001	1.10	1.001–1.22	0.04
Time spent outdoors per day (per hour increase)	0.92	0.86–0.99	<0.001	0.93	0.86–1.22	0.27

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.