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. 2016 Oct 10;7:12948. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12948

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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NAD⁺ is synthesized by salvage of the vitamin precursors, NA, Nam and NR, or from tryptophan in the de novo pathway. NAD⁺ can be reduced to NADH, phosphorylated to NADP⁺ or consumed to Nam. Nam can also be methylated and oxidized to waste products. NAAD was not thought to be a precursor of NAD⁺ from NR.