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. 2016 Oct 10;7:13105. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13105

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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(a) Scanning electron microscopy images of deformed sapphire tips for incident intensities of 0.23, 0.42 and 0.66 TW cm⁻², respectively. (b) Excessive thermal damage accompanied by surface cracks formed perpendicular to the direction of the incident field polarization. (c) FDTD calculation for the enhanced intensity distribution after thermal deformation of the tip shape. (d) Enhanced intensity profiles across the sapphire tip on the xz-plane before and after damage. (e) Variation of the extreme ultraviolet photon flux (H7, H9, H11 and H13) from the metal-sapphire nanostructure with increasing the laser exposure time.