Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Oct 13.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2016 May 28;283(Pt A):16–28. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.025

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Blast loading with constrained head motion caused consistent and similar deficits across two blast exposure levels: mild (215 ± 13 kPa peak; 46 ± kPa * ms impulse) and moderate (415 ± 41 kPa peak; 148 ± 12 kPa * msimpulse). (A) Time-line of behavioral test battery. (B) Righting time for animals exposed to 415 kPa peak overpressure (n = 12) were significantly longer compared with those exposed to 215 kPa (n = 12) and sham (n = 12; p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). (C) Performance measures in an elevated zero-maze. No significant differences in either measure were observed one day after blast exposure between the three groups (p = 0.86 & p > 0.90, one-way ANOVA). n = 12 animals each in the sham, 215 kPa and 415 kPa groups, respectively. (D) Performance on a rotarod. No significant differences in fault and fall times over three days between the groups (p = 0.34, ANOVA). n = 12 animals each in the sham, 215 kPa and 415 kPa groups, respectively. (E, F) Measures of open field behavior (day 4). Animals exposed to both levels of blast loading spent significantly less time in the center than the sham (p = 0.04, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). The total distance traveled (day 4) by both groups of injured animals was significantly lower than in sham animals. (p = 0.01, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). Both injured groups also showed an increase in thigmotaxis compared with sham (p = 0.04, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). There was no significant difference in these three measures between the two injured groups. The low exposure group also displayed a significant increase in sitting behavior relative to sham (p = 0.02, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). n = 12 animals each in the sham, 215 kPa and 415 kPa groups, respectively. (G) Both injured groups showed a decreased preference for the displaced object than sham animals in a SOR task. However, there was no significant difference in the behavior between the two injured groups (p = 0.02, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's posthoc). n = 12 animals each in the sham, 215 kPa and 415 kPa groups, respectively. (H) There was no significant difference in the fear conditioning response between the three groups (p = 0.54, one-way ANOVA). n = 12 animals each in the sham, 215 kPa and 415 kPa groups, respectively. *p < 0.05 posthoc in all.