Table 1.
Detailed list of human studies examining the influence of helminth infection on atopy
| First author, year | Country | N | Helminth | Allergen(s) | Clinical evaluation |
SPT‡ | asIgE§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parasites* | Assessed† | Outcome | Effect | Prevalence | ||||
| Authors concluded that helminths offer protection against allergies | ||||||||
| Hagel, 199310 | Venezuela | 89 | Al | Not informed | ND | ↓ | ↓ | |
| van den Biggelaar, 200011 | Gabon | 520 | Sh | HDM | ND | ↓ | ND | |
| Araujo, 200012 | Brazil | 175 | Sm | HDM, mold | ND | ↓ | Trend ↓ | |
| van den Biggelaar, 200113 | Gabon | 520 | Sh | HDM | ND | ↓ | ↑ | |
| Nyan, 200114 | Gambia | 429 | Al | Various | Wheeze | No change | ↓ | ND |
| Scrivener, 200115 | Ethiopia | 604 | Hkw, Al | HDM | Wheeze | ↓ | No change | No change |
| Huang, 200216 | Taiwan | 3,107 | Ev | Not informed | Asthma, rhinitis | ↓ | ND | ND |
| Cooper, 2003a17 | Ecuador | 4,433 | Al, Tt | Various | Wheeze, rhinitis, rash | No change | ↓ | ND |
| Cooper, 2003b18 | Ecuador | 2,865 | Various | Various | ND | ↓ | ||
| Dagoye, 200319 | Ethiopia | 563 | Al | HDM, CR | Wheeze | ↓ | No change | |
| Wahyuni, 200520 | Indonesia | 466 | Bm | HDM | ND | Trend ↓ | ↑ | |
| Flohr, 200621 | Vietnam | 1,601 | Hkw, Al | HDM, CR | ND | ↓ | ND | |
| Rodrigues, 200822 | Brazil | 1,055 | Al, Tt | Various | ND | ↓ | ||
| Endara, 201023 | Ecuador | 3,901 | Al, Tt | Not informed | Eczema | ↓ | ↓ | ND |
| Supali, 201024 | Indonesia | 441 | Bm | CR | ND | ↓ | ||
| Rujeni, 201225 | Zimbabwe | 672 | Sh | HDM | ND | ↓ | ↓ | |
| Kanobana, 201226 | Cuba | 958 | Tc, Al, Hkw | Not informed | Asthma | ↑ (Tc) | ND | ND |
| ↓ (Hkw) | ||||||||
| Alcantara-Neves, 201227 | Brazil | 1,445 | Various | Various | Asthma/wheeze | No change | ↓ | No change |
| Mendonça, 201228 | Brazil | 1,148 | Tc | HDM, CR | ND | ↓ | ↑ | |
| Manuel, 201229 | Malaysia | 170 | Tc | Not informed | Rhinitis | ↓ | ||
| Oliveira, 201430 | Brazil | 91 | Sm | HDM, CR, mold | ND | ↓ | ND | |
| Authors found mixed or no association or took no conclusions | ||||||||
| Davey, 200531 | Ethiopia | 7,649 | Various | HDM, CR | Wheeze | No change | ↓ | |
| Ponte, 200632 | Brazil | 113 | Al | HDM | Asthma | No change | No change | No change |
| Calvert, 201033 | South Africa | 3,322 | Al | HDM | EIB | ↑ | ↓ | No change |
| Vereecken, 201234 | Cuba | 1,285 | Al, Tc, Hkw | HDM, CR | Asthma | No change | ↓ | ↑ |
| Souza, 201435 | Brazil | 20 | Al | HDM | ND | ND | No change | |
| Alcantara-Neves, 201436 | Brazil | 1,271 | Al, Tt, Tc | Various | ND | ↓ | No change | |
| Hamid, 201537 | Indonesia | 623 | Al, Tc | HDM, CR | Wheeze, eczema | No change | ↓ | ↑ (Tc) |
| Wordemann, 200838 | Cuba | 1,320 | Ev, Hkw, Al | Various | Asthma, rhinitis, AD | ↑ (Ev, Hkw) | No change | ND |
| ↓ (Al) | ||||||||
| Obeng, 201439 | Ghana | 1,385 | Sh, Al, Tt | Various | Asthma/wheeze | No change | ↓ (Sh) | NE |
| ↑ (Tt) | ||||||||
| Authors concluded that helminths are a risk factor for allergies | ||||||||
| Kayhan, 197840 | Turkey | 100 | Al | Not informed | Asthma | ↑ | ND | ND |
| Joubert, 198041 | South Africa | 259 | Al | Various | ND | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Alshishtawy, 199142 | Egypt | 105 | Sm | HDM, pollen | Asthma | ↑ | ND | ↑ |
| Buijs, 199743 | Netherlands | 1,379 | Tc | HDM, cat, dog | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | |
| Lynch, 199744 | Venezuela | 89 | Al | HDM | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Dold, 199845 | Germany | ∼2,300 | Al | Various | Asthma, rhinitis | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Palmer, 200246 | China | 2,164 | Al | Various | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | ND |
| Benicio, 200447 | Brazil | 1,132 | Al, Tt | Not informed | Wheeze | ↑ | ND | ND |
| Daschner, 200548 | Spain | 135 | As | AsE | Chronic urticaria | ↑ | ND | ND |
| Obihara, 200649 | South Africa | 359 | Al(IgE) | HDM | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Bahceciler, 200750 | Istanbul | 1,018 | Ev | Various | Wheeze, rhinitis | ↑ | No change | ND |
| Pereira, 200751 | Brazil | 1,011 | Al | Various | Wheeze/asthma | ↑ | ↓ | |
| Hagel, 200752 | Venezuela | 470 | Al | AlE, HDM | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ (Al-IgE) | ND |
| Hunninghake, 200753 | Costa Rica | 439 | Al | HDM, CR | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Alcantara-Neves, 201054 | Brazil | 682 | (IgE)Tt, Al | Various | Wheeze | ↑ | ND | ↑ |
| Walsh, 201155 | United States | 12,174 | Tc | NE | Asthma | ↑ | ND | ND |
| Choi, 201156 | Korea | 1,116 | Cs | Various | Asthma, rhinitis | No change | ↑ | ↑ |
| Moncayo, 201257 | Ecuador | 376 | Al | AlE, HDM, CR | Wheeze | ↑ | No change | ↑ |
| Buendia, 201558 | Colombia | 313 | Al | HDM | Asthma | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
| Webb, 201659 | Uganda | 2,316 | Various | Various | Wheeze | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ |
*
Al = Ascaris lumbricoides; As = Anisakis simplex; Bm = Brugia malayi; Cs = Clonorchis sinensis; Ev = Enterobius vermicularis; Hkw = hookworm; Sh = Schistosoma haematobium; Sm = Schistosoma mansoni; Tc = Toxocara canis; Tt = Trichuris trichiura.
†
AlE = Ascaris lumbricoides extract; AsE = Anisakis simplex extract; CR = cockroach; HDM = house dust mite.
‡
SPT = skin prick test.
§
asIgE = aeroallergen-specific IgE; AD = allergic dermatitis; EIB = exercise-induced bronchorreactivity; ND = not determined.