Table 3.
Mixed linear regression models of associations of predictors and (log-transformed) AGP and CRP
| AGP* (N = 626 observations of 272 infants) | CRP† (N = 626 observations of 272 infants) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent change‡ | 95% CI | P value§ | Percent change‡ | 95% CI | P value§ | |
| Recent illness (2-week recall) and age | ||||||
| Diarrhea | 7.6 | (−2.9–19.1) | 0.16 | 47.7 | (10.0–98.2) | 0.01 |
| Cough or respiratory illness | 17.7 | (8.5–27.8) | 0.0001 | 44.2 | (13.7–82.7) | 0.003 |
| Fever | 23.3 | (13.0–34.6) | < 0.0001 | 34.6 | (4.7–73.1) | 0.021 |
| Age (1-month increase) | 4.9 | (4.0–5.7) | < 0.0001 | 7.3 | (4.8–9.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Stunted (LAZ < −2) | −2.0 | (−12.0–9.0) | 0.70 | 6.7 | (−21.9–45.8) | 0.68 |
| Overweight (WLZ > 2) | 1.3 | (−6.9–10.2) | 0.77 | −11.5 | (−30.9–13.2) | 0.33 |
| Water and sanitation | ||||||
| Water piped indoors (vs. other source) | 7.1 | (−2.2–17.3) | 0.14 | 8.5 | (−17.8–43.2) | 0.56 |
| Treats water | 5.5 | (−3.5–15.3) | 0.24 | 10.3 | (−15.8–44.4) | 0.48 |
| Private toilet (vs. shared with other households or none) | 6.1 | (−3.2–16.3) | 0.21 | 20.0 | (−9.2–58.6) | 0.20 |
| Flush toilet (vs. other) | 7.5 | (−4.5–20.9) | 0.23 | 28.1 | (−10.4–83.3) | 0.18 |
| Trash picked up (vs. burned or otherwise disposed of) | −4.6 | (−14.9–6.9) | 0.42 | −14.4 | (−39.4–20.8) | 0.38 |
| Crowding (> 2 people per bedroom) | −2.5 | (−12.3–8.5) | 0.65 | 3.8 | (−24.9–43.5) | 0.82 |
| Other sociodemographics | ||||||
| Preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestational age) | 7.8 | (−3.6–20.4) | 0.19 | 28.9 | (−7.9–80.4) | 0.14 |
| Months of exclusive breastfeeding (1-month increase)¶ | −0.6 | (−2.6–1.4) | 0.55 | −1.3 | (−7.1–4.8) | 0.67 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| Primary or less | 0.7 | (−12.5–16.0) | 0.95 | 23.1 | (−19.8–88.9) | 0.28 |
| At least some secondary | 1.5 | (−7.9–11.9) | – | 27.4 | (−5.4–71.4) | – |
| At least some superior (reference) | 0.0 | – | – | 0.0 | – | – |
| Wealth index** | ||||||
| First (lowest) quintile | 9.8 | (−6.2–28.5) | 0.71 | 31.7 | (−18.4–112.6) | 0.20 |
| Second quintile | 6.3 | (−8.4–23.4) | – | 25.0 | (−20.6–96.6) | – |
| Third quintile | 10.0 | (−3.9–26.0) | – | 64.8 | (9.0–149.1) | – |
| Fourth quintile | 4.5 | (−8.1–19.0) | – | 30.4 | (−12.0–93.2) | – |
| Fifth (highest) quintile (reference) | 0.0 | – | – | 0.0 | – | – |
AGP = alpha(1)-acid-glycoprotein; CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; LAZ = length-for-age Z-score; WLZ = weight-for-length Z-score.
All available observations with nonmissing data included for all infants with at least first blood draw. Random intercept with variance 0.004 was significant with P = 0.013 (approximate likelihood ratio test). The marginal R2, reflecting variance explained by fixed effects, was 0.27, and the conditional R2, reflecting variance explained by fixed and random effects, was 0.35.
All available observations with nonmissing data included for all infants with at least first blood draw. Random intercept with variance 0.065 was significant with P = 0.0004 (approximate likelihood ratio test). The marginal R2, reflecting variance explained by fixed factors, was 0.13, and the conditional R2, reflecting variance explained by fixed and random factors, was 0.29.
Percent relative change calculated as 100 × (10β − 1), where β is the coefficient associated with predictor X and thus 10β is equal to the ratio of E(Y | X = 1) to E(Y | X = 0).
F tests with Satterthwaite approximation for degrees of freedom.
Months of exclusive breastfeeding defined as total months, at time of assessment, that infant was fed only with breast milk, with no other liquids or food. One month of formula was allowed as long as breastfeeding was concurrent.
Constructed using principal component analysis of household assets and construction materials.