Table 2.
Findings from outcome analyses comparing the change in self-reported and biomarker measures between the meditation-CBT and control groups
| Control group compared with meditation-CBT group | P value (repeated measures analysis) | |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported outcomes | ||
| Brief Pain Inventory, averaged pain | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | 0.9 (0.01; 1.7) | 0.045 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.69 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 33 | 1.03 (0.2; 1.9) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.86 | |
| Oswestry Disability Index, total score | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | 1.9 (−5.5; 9.3) | 0.209 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.15 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 33 | 6.5 (−1.0; 14.0) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.68 | |
| Morphine Equivalent Dose, mg per day | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | 5.7 (−34.3; 45.7) | 0.842 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.16 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 33 | 9.9 (−30.3; 50.1) | |
| Cohen’s d | −0.03 | |
| Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, total score | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | −2.7 (−13.0; 7.6) | 0.471 |
| Cohen’s d | −0.24 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 33 | −5.3 (−15.7; 5.0) | |
| Cohen’s d | −0.42 | |
| Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale, total score | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | 0.3 (−0.2; 0.9) | 0.479 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.45 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | 0.1 (−0.4; 0.7) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.19 | |
| Perceived Stress Scale, total score | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 34 | −0.4 (−5.2; 4.4) | 0.986 |
| Cohen’s d | -0.06 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 33 | −0.03 (−4.9; 4.8) | |
| Cohen’s d | −0.05 | |
| Biomarkers | ||
| Interleukin-1ß, pg/mL | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | −0.3 (−0.8; 0.2) | 0.196 |
| Cohen’s d | −0.51 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 28 | −0.04 (−0.6; 0.5) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.05 | |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | 1.2 (−0.4; 2.7) | 0.126 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.53 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 28 | 0.2 (−1.3; 1.8) | |
| Cohen’s d | −0.47 | |
| Interferon-γ, pg/mL | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | −1.1 (−6.6; 4.4) | 0.717 |
| Cohen’s d | −0.16 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 28 | −2.1 (-8.0; 3.7) | |
| Cohen’s d | −0.33 | |
| Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, pg/mL | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | 2.6 (−3.2; 8.4) | 0.400 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.34 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 28 | 3.3 (−2.5; 9.2) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.38 | |
| C-Reactive Protein, mg/dL | ||
| baseline to 8 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 32 | 1.0 (−0.3; 2.2) | 0.220 |
| Cohen’s d | 0.48 | |
| baseline to 26 weeks, mean (95% CI), n = 28 | 0.8 (−0.4; 2.1) | |
| Cohen’s d | 0.34 | |
Results for between-group difference in change from baseline to 8- or 26-week follow-up are presented as mean (95% Confidence Interval, CI) and Cohen’s d effect size. P value refers to the results of repeated measures analysis (linear mixed model), comparing the change in outcomes between the groups from baseline through 26 weeks.