Table 3. Multivariate Multinomial Regression for the Association Between Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics and Food Assistance Program Participation Among People Who Are Food Insecure, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2010a .
| Characteristic | Food Assistance Program Participationb
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| SNAP Only | Charity Only | Both | |
|
Relative Risk Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| Age, y | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Female | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Hispanic | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 0.51 (0.31–0.86) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.21 (0.74–1.97) | 1.22 (0.75–2.00) | 1.44 (0.87–2.38) |
| Other | 0.88 (0.38–2.07) | 0.95 (0.45–1.99) | 0.69 (0.33–1.44) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Single | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) |
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 1.59 (1.18–2.14) | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) | 1.55 (1.13–2.14) |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| High school diploma | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.86 (0.63–1.19) |
| Some college, college degree, or more/other | 0.65 (0.41–1.01) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.64 (0.43–0.96) |
| Poverty-to-income ratio (larger ratio = higher income/lower poverty) | 0.23 (0.16–0.33) | 0.46 (0.33–0.64) | 0.17 (0.10–0.29) |
| Children in home aged 18 y or younger | |||
| No | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Yes | 2.76 (1.94–3.94) | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 1.93 (1.33–2.80) |
| No. of days per month | |||
| Poor physical health | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) |
| Poor mental health | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| Self-rated health | |||
| Excellent/very good/good | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Fair/poor | 0.98 (0.75–1.29) | 1.14 (0.85–1.54) | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) |
| Functional limitations | |||
| None | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Any | 1.27 (0.92–1.77) | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 2.24 (1.37–3.67) |
| No. comorbid conditionsc | |||
| 0 | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| 1 | 1.14 (0.79–1.66) | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) | 1.35 (0.97–1.88) |
| ≥2 | 1.48 (1.04–2.11) | 0.97 (0.58–1.60) | 1.81 (1.10–2.96) |
| Depressive symptoms in the last 2 weeks | |||
| None | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Mild/severe | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 1.22 (0.88–1.68) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| None/moderate | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Risky | 1.01 (0.59–1.71) | 0.53 (0.28–1.01) | 1.53 (1.01–2.32) |
| Current smoker | |||
| Never/former | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Current | 1.68 (1.17–2.42) | 2.12 (1.34–3.35) | 2.66 (2.11–3.34) |
| Constant | 0.07 (0.02–0.24) | 0.05 (0.02–0.17) | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; RRR, relative risk ratio.
a
Model was fitted using survey weights to provide a nationally representative estimate.
b
Reference (base) category is no receipt of food assistance.
c
Comorbid conditions assessed were arthritis, diabetes, hypertension.