Table 2.
Association of dietary selenium intake with total and cause-specific mortality in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS; 1997–2000) and the Shanghai Men’s Health Study (SMHS; 2002–2006)
| Quintile category | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Cause of death | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | P for trend* |
| SWHS | |||||||||||
| All causes | |||||||||||
| Median (µg/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) per d)† | 15·86 | 21·16 | 25·18 | 30·02 | 42·22 | ||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 1863/199 978 | 1285/203 892 | 1033/204 976 | 892/205 253 | 676/205 437 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·94 | 0·88, 1·01 | 0·89 | 0·82, 0·96 | 0·85 | 0·79, 0·93 | 0·76 | 0·69, 0·83 | <0·0001 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·96 | 0·89, 1·03 | 0·92 | 0·84, 1·00 | 0·90 | 0·82, 0·99 | 0·79 | 0·71, 0·88 | <0·0001 |
| CVD | |||||||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 648/199 978 | 390/203 892 | 303/204 976 | 235/205 253 | 176/205 437 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·90 | 0·79, 1·02 | 0·85 | 0·74, 0·97 | 0·76 | 0·65, 0·89 | 0·71 | 0·60, 0·84 | <0·0001 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·94 | 0·82, 1·07 | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·08 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·03 | 0·80 | 0·66, 0·98 | 0·0268 |
| Cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 708/199 978 | 559/203 892 | 482/204 976 | 451/205 253 | 354/205 437 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 1·00 | 0·89, 1·12 | 0·97 | 0·86, 1·09 | 0·98 | 0·87, 1·11 | 0·87 | 0·76, 0·99 | 0·0326 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 1·02 | 0·90, 1·14 | 1·00 | 0·87, 1·14 | 1·02 | 0·89, 1·17 | 0·90 | 0·77, 1·05 | 0·1539 |
| SMHS | |||||||||||
| All causes | |||||||||||
| Median (µg/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) per d)† | 16·46 | 21·33 | 25·09 | 29·72 | 41·7 | ||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 1136/98 122 | 885/98 995 | 819/99 583 | 745/100 137 | 632/101 936 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·86 | 0·78, 0·93 | 0·82 | 0·75, 0·90 | 0·79 | 0·72, 0·87 | 0·77 | 0·70, 0·85 | <0·0001 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·91 | 0·83, 0·99 | 0·86 | 0·78, 0·95 | 0·82 | 0·73, 0·91 | 0·79 | 0·70, 0·89 | 0·0001 |
| CVD | |||||||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 433/98 122 | 302/98 995 | 253/99 583 | 235/100 137 | 179/101 936 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·78 | 0·67, 0·90 | 0·68 | 0·58, 0·80 | 0·68 | 0·58, 0·80 | 0·61 | 0·51, 0·72 | <0·0001 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·85 | 0·73, 1·00 | 0·75 | 0·63, 0·89 | 0·73 | 0·61, 0·88 | 0·66 | 0·54, 0·82 | 0·0002 |
| Cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of deaths/person-years | 432/98 122 | 366/98 995 | 356/99 583 | 325/100 137 | 319/101 936 | ||||||
| Model 1‡ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·92 | 0·80, 1·05 | 0·92 | 0·80, 1·05 | 0·88 | 0·76, 1·02 | 0·98 | 0·85, 1·13 | 0·8311 |
| Model 2§ | 1·00 | Reference | 0·95 | 0·82, 1·10 | 0·94 | 0·81, 1·10 | 0·90 | 0·76, 1·06 | 0·97 | 0·81, 1·15 | 0·7802 |
HR, hazard ratio.
P values for trend were estimated by assigning the median intake value for the quintile to each person and including this as a continuous variable in the model.
Dietary intakes were adjusted for energy intake using the nutrient density method and expressed as per μg/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) per d.
Adjusted for age and total energy intake.
Adjusted for age, birth cohort, education, income, marital status, occupation, BMI, physical activity, total energy intake, dietary fat intake, supplement use, smoking status, drinking status, status with regard to a history of hypertension, diabetes, CHD or stroke, family history of cancer and menopausal status (women only).