Table 3.
Description of the Antimicrobial Contents of Chicken and Pig Commercial Feeds Available in the Vietnamese Market.
| Antimicrobial | Antimicrobial class | Chickens | Pigs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent feeds containing (%) | mg/kg (±SD) | Percent feeds containing (%) | mg/kg (±SD) | ||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted [95% CI] | Unadjusted | Adjusted [95% CI] | ||||
| Chlortetracyclineb | Tetracycline | 10.9 | 11.4 [7.4–15.5] | 81.1 (±24.9) | 29.8 | 23.9 [20.7–27.2] | 62.2 (±15.2) |
| Bacitracinc | Polypeptide | 18.5 | 15.5 [10.9–20.1] | 71.1 (±22.3) | 13.2 | 24.7 [16.3–47.9] | 42.2 (±12.8) |
| Colistina | Polymyxin | 6.9 | 7.4 [4.0–10.8] | 71.6 (±15.2) | 9.3 | 12.1 [8.9–15.2] | 122.4 (±35.8) |
| Enramycin | Polypeptide | 8.0 | 10.8 [6.1–15.4] | 13.2 (±3.8) | 5.3 | 8.0 [5.4–10.7] | 35.2 (±8.5) |
| Tylosin | Macrolide | – | – | – | 15.4 | 10.6 [8.4–12.9] | 40.8 (±7.0) |
| Florfenicol | Amphenicol | – | – | – | 7.9 | 17.4 [13.3–21.4] | 96.9 (±22.3) |
| Lincomycinc | Lincosamides | 1.1 | 1.33 [0.5–2.2] | 4.0 (±0.0) | 0.4 | 1.1 [0.2–2.0] | 54.3 (±14.8) |
| Oxytetracyclineb | Tetracycline | – | – | – | 1.5 | 0.9 [0.3–1.5] | 54.5 (±7.9) |
| Neomycina | Aminoglycoside | – | – | – | 0.7 | 0.9 [0.3–1.5] | 100.0 (±0.0) |
| Tiamulin | Pleuromutilin | – | – | – | 0.3 | 0.2 [0–0.4] | 119.0 (±3.8) |
| Avilamycin | Orthosomycine | 0.4 | 0.2 [0.01–0.6] | 10.0 (±0.0) | 0.7 | 0.3 [0.1–0.5] | 10.0 (±0.0) |
| Amoxicillina | β-lactam | – | – | – | 0.7 | 1.1 [0.2–2.0] | 212.0 (±42.5) |
| Halquinol | Chlorhydroxyquinolone | – | – | – | 0.01 | 0.1 [0–0.1] | 180.0 (±0.0) |
| Tylvalosin | Macrolide | – | – | – | 0.1 | 0.3 [0–0.9] | 100.0 (±0.0) |
| Any antimicrobial | 42.2 | 48.6 [41.7–55. 6] | 55.4 | 58.8 [54.4–63.2] | |||
The quantitative data only refer to those products reporting the inclusion of each specific antimicrobial.
CI confidence interval.
aAntimicrobial ‘of critical importance.’
bAntimicrobial ‘of high importance.’
cAntimicrobial ‘of importance’ (according to WHO 2011).