Table 1.

Main potential therapeutic treatments currently considered as acting upstream to decrease TNFα release

	Target/therapy
Therapy	sub‐type	Mechanism	References
Pharmacological	GTS‐21	α7nAChR agonists	van Westerloo et al. (2006) The
therapy	AR‐R17779		et al. (2007)
	Galantamine	Central cholinergic pathway stimulation	Pavlov et al. (2009); Ji et al. (2014)
	Semapimod (CNI 1493)	p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitor	Borovikova et al. (2000 a); Bernik et al. (2002 b)
Nutritional therapy	Fat nutrition	Stimulation of vagal afferent fibres through fat‐induced CCK release and, in return, of the CAP	Luyer et al. (2005)
	Choline	Precursor in the biosynthesis of ACh and selective natural α7nAChR agonist	Parrish et al. (2008)
	Ghrelin	Activation of the CAP	Mao et al. (2015 a,b,c)
Complementary therapy	Acupuncture Hypnosis Meditation Tai chi	Stimulation of vagal efferent fibres and CAP	Gamus (2011)
Physical activity and exercise		Stimulation of vagal efferent fibres and CAP	Heffernan et al. (2009); Jae et al. (2009 a,b)