Figure 2. Defective polarization of M2 macrophages and enhanced innate immune response in myeloid−specific Lamtor1 conditional knockout mice.

(a) M2 macrophages appeared in peritoneal cavity 6 days after the intraperitoneal administration of thioglycollate medium. M2 macrophages (CD11b^high RELMα⁺ cells or CD11b^high MR⁺ cells; definition of the positive gates are described in Method section) were counted by flow cytometry. Percentage of M2 macrophages in whole peritoneal white blood cells is shown. (b–e) Enhanced innate immune response in Lamtor1 conditional knockout mice. (b) High mortality in Lamtor1 conditional knockout mice after injection of LPS (20 μg per mouse). Three mice were used for each genotype. (c) Serum levels of cytokines after intravenous administration of LPS (20 μg per mouse). Time from LPS administration to blood collection is indicated. (d) Serum HMGB1 levels at the indicated days after intravenous administration of LPS (5 μg per mouse). (e) Serum concentrations of TNF-α after intravenous administration of Zymosan A. Time from Zymosan A administration to blood collection is indicated. Concentrations of each cytokine and HMGB1 were measured by ELISA. Ctrl: littermate Lamtor1^flox/flox; cKO: Lamtor1^flox/flox LysM-Cre mice. Samples were measured in triplicate (c,e). The representative results of three independent experiments are shown (a,c). ***P<0.001. Error bars show s.d.