Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without gastrointestinal side effects
| Group without gastrointestinal side effects (n = 49) | Group with gastrointestinal side effects (n = 43) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.8 ± 8.4 | 57.1 ± 9.5 | 0.365 |
| Women/men (% women) | 22/27 (44.9) | 32/11 (74.4) | 0.004 |
| Weight (kg) | 93.7 ± 15.8 | 85.2 ± 13.8 | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.7 ± 4.2 | 30.4 ± 4.3 | 0.128 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 8.0 (7.5–9.2) | 8.2 (7.5–9.2) | 0.573 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/l) | 95.0 (57.0–154.0) | 120.5 (70.0–186.0) | 0.246 |
| HOMA‐IRa | 4.4 (2.9–8.1) | 6.1 (3.7–8.9) | 0.198 |
| HbA1c (mmol/l) | 56 (51–63) | 58 (53–66) | 0.376 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 (6.8–7.9) | 7.5 (7.0–8.2) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 0.690 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.02 ± 0.23 | 1.18 ± 0.25 | 0.002 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.27 ± 1.27 | 3.10 ± 1.09 | 0.523 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.93 (1.53–3.13) | 2.22 (1.40–3.18) | 0.997 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 84.1 ± 17.8 | 71.9 ± 16.2 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min)b | 109.1 ± 28.9 | 109.0 ± 31.8 | 0.983 |
| Metformin daily dose (mg) | 1000 (821–1500) | 1000 (960–1700) | 0.492 |
| Use of OCT1 inhibiting drugsc | 6 (14.0%) | 8 (16.3%) | 0.752 |
| Number of OCT1 reduced‐function alleles (0/1/2)d | 30/17/2 (61.2%/34.7%/4.1%) | 18/20/5 (41.9%/46.5%/11.6%) | 0.048e |
Data are presented as means ± sd, medians (interquartile range) or numbers (percentages).
a
The homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index was calculated using the formula: fasting insulin (pmol/l) × fasting glucose (mmol/l)/156.26.
b
Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft–Gault formula.
c
Number of individuals concomitantly treated with OCT1 inhibiting drugs, including proton pump inhibitors, clopidogrel, doxazosin, verapamil, tramadol and citalopram 3, 5.
d
Data are presented as numbers of individuals (percentages).
e
Significance of test for comparison of combined genotype frequencies between the two groups under the additive model.